Automotive
Engineering
—
Technical
Skills
01
Vehicle
Architecture
&
Systems
Engineering
Defining
the
vehicle
as
a
system
—
packaging
,
targets
and
requirements
flowing
down
to
every
subsystem
.
Platform
&
architecture
definition
Wheelbase
,
track
,
packaging
envelopes
,
hardpoint
layout
,
carryover
strategy
Requirements
engineering
Requirements
capture
,
decomposition
and
traceability
in
DOORS
or
Polarion
Vehicle
target
setting
Mass
,
Cd
·
A
, 0–100
km
/
h
,
range
,
NVH
and
durability
target
cascades
Attribute
balancing
Trading
ride
,
handling
,
weight
,
cost
and
package
against
program
targets
Interface
control
Interface
control
documents
,
subsystem
boundary
definition
,
gap
and
clearance
studies
Design
reviews
&
release
Concept
,
preliminary
and
critical
design
reviews
;
engineering
release
packages
BOM
&
configuration
management
eBOM
/
mBOM
structure
,
variant
management
,
change
control
,
ECR
/
ECO
flow
1 / 8
02
Powertrain
—
ICE
&
Hybrid
Combustion
,
air
handling
,
emissions
and
hybrid
torque
management
for
conventional
and
electrified
powertrains
.
Engine
calibration
Spark
timing
,
lambda
,
VVT
/
VVL
mapping
,
torque
structure
,
transient
fuelling
Combustion
development
Cylinder
pressure
indicating
,
heat
release
analysis
,
knock
and
pre
-
ignition
control
Air
path
&
boosting
Turbocharger
matching
,
wastegate
and
VGT
control
,
charge
-
air
cooling
,
EGR
circuits
Aftertreatment
systems
Three
-
way
catalysts
,
GPF
,
DPF
regeneration
,
SCR
urea
dosing
,
NOx
sensing
Hybrid
torque
management
Torque
split
and
blending
,
P
0–
P
4
architectures
,
engine
start
/
stop
,
energy
management
Transmission
calibration
DCT
/
AT
/
Torque
-
converter
shift
quality
,
clutch
fill
,
lockup
strategy
,
launch
control
Powertrain
thermal
management
Cooling
circuits
,
e
-
thermostats
,
oil
and
EGR
cooling
,
warm
-
up
strategy
OBD
&
emissions
compliance
OBD
-
II
monitor
development
,
catalyst
and
misfire
diagnostics
,
RDE
compliance
2 / 8
03
Electric
Vehicle
&
Battery
Systems
High
-
voltage
system
design
from
cell
chemistry
through
pack
integration
,
inverters
and
charging
interfaces
.
HV
battery
pack
architecture
Module
and
cell
-
to
-
pack
layouts
,
CTP
/
CTC
concepts
,
busbar
and
interconnect
design
Cell
chemistry
knowledge
NMC
,
LFP
and
emerging
chemistries
—
energy
density
,
cycle
life
,
temperature
limits
Battery
management
systems
SOC
,
SOH
and
SOP
estimation
,
cell
balancing
,
thermal
and
voltage
limits
,
state
machine
logic
Thermal
runaway
mitigation
Propagation
testing
,
vent
path
design
,
thermal
barriers
,
cell
spacing
and
isolation
Traction
inverter
&
motor
control
Field
-
oriented
control
,
field
weakening
,
IGBT
and
SiC
power
stages
,
inverter
calibration
E
-
machine
design
PMSM
and
induction
machines
,
winding
layout
,
magnet
selection
,
torque
ripple
and
whine
HV
safety
&
isolation
Interlock
loops
,
insulation
monitoring
,
service
disconnect
,
safe
-
state
design
Charging
systems
AC
/
DC
charging
,
OBC
design
,
CCS
and
NACS
interfaces
,
ISO
15118
Plug
&
Charge
Regenerative
braking
Blending
strategy
with
friction
brakes
,
pedal
feel
mapping
,
energy
recovery
limits
04
Chassis
,
Suspension
&
Steering
The
mechanical
systems
that
carry
the
vehicle
—
geometry
,
tuning
and
component
-
level
design
.
Suspension
geometry
Camber
,
caster
,
toe
,
scrub
radius
,
roll
centres
,
K
&
C
(
kinematics
&
compliance
)
Damper
tuning
Rebound
and
compression
curves
,
frequency
-
dependent
damping
,
CDC
and
active
systems
Steering
system
development
EPS
calibration
,
on
-
centre
feel
,
rack
force
modelling
,
steering
ratio
selection
Brake
system
design
Foundation
brakes
,
boosters
,
thermal
capacity
,
ABS
/
ESC
integration
,
brake
feel
Tyre
–
vehicle
interaction
Pacejka
and
MF
-
Tyre
modelling
,
inflation
effects
,
tyre
selection
and
testing
Elastomer
&
bushing
design
Subframe
and
control
-
arm
bushing
rates
,
NVH
isolation
versus
precision
trade
-
offs
Subframe
&
corner
design
Knuckle
,
control
arm
and
subframe
sizing
,
cast
and
forged
component
design
3 / 8
05
Vehicle
Dynamics
,
NVH
&
Aerodynamics
How
the
vehicle
behaves
on
the
road
,
in
the
wind
tunnel
and
against
the
customer
'
s
ear
.
Ride
&
handling
development
Understeer
gradient
,
yaw
response
,
frequency
response
,
steering
sensitivity
targets
Subjective
–
objective
correlation
Test
-
driver
rating
scales
mapped
to
measured
vehicle
metrics
at
proving
grounds
NVH
development
Modal
analysis
,
transfer
path
analysis
,
sound
package
design
,
powertrain
boom
and
whine
Aerodynamics
CFD
and
wind
tunnel
work
,
drag
and
lift
balance
,
cooling
airflow
,
underbody
and
wheel
aero
Aeroacoustics
Wind
noise
source
identification
,
sealing
strategy
,
mirror
and
A
-
pillar
noise
mitigation
Cabin
thermal
comfort
HVAC
system
design
,
heat
pump
circuits
,
defrost
performance
,
occupant
comfort
modelling
Durability
&
fatigue
Road
load
data
acquisition
,
spindle
load
synthesis
, 4-
poster
and
fatigue
life
assessment
4 / 8
06
E
/
E
Architecture
&
Embedded
Systems
The
electrical
backbone
,
networks
and
ECU
software
that
connect
every
electronic
function
in
the
vehicle
.
E
/
E
architecture
design
Domain
,
zonal
and
central
-
compute
topologies
,
ECU
consolidation
,
wiring
harness
layout
In
-
vehicle
networks
CAN
,
CAN
-
FD
,
LIN
,
FlexRay
and
Automotive
Ethernet
(100/1000
BASE
-
T
1)
design
and
analysis
Diagnostics
UDS
(
ISO
14229),
DoIP
,
DTC
strategy
,
diagnostic
session
and
service
implementation
AUTOSAR
development
Classic
and
Adaptive
platforms
,
BSW
/
RTE
configuration
,
SWC
design
and
integration
Embedded
software
Embedded
C
/
C
++
for
ECUs
,
MISRA
-
C
compliance
,
static
analysis
and
unit
testing
Sensors
&
actuators
Radar
,
camera
,
LiDAR
,
IMU
and
ultrasonic
selection
,
signal
conditioning
,
actuation
drivers
Power
distribution
12
V
/48
V
dual
systems
,
fusing
and
load
shedding
,
smart
junction
boxes
,
quiescent
current
07
ADAS
,
Automated
Driving
&
Software
Perception
,
fusion
,
safety
and
software
validation
for
driver
assistance
and
automated
functions
.
ADAS
feature
development
AEB
,
ACC
,
LKA
,
LCA
and
TSR
development
,
tuning
and
field
performance
validation
Perception
&
sensor
fusion
Camera
,
radar
and
LiDAR
fusion
,
object
tracking
,
free
-
space
estimation
,
calibration
Functional
safety
(
ISO
26262)
HARA
,
ASIL
decomposition
,
safety
concepts
,
technical
safety
requirements
,
safety
cases
Cybersecurity
&
SOTIF
ISO
/
SAE
21434
threat
analysis
and
risk
assessment
;
ISO
21448
performance
limitation
analysis
Automotive
software
platforms
Embedded
Linux
,
QNX
,
ROS
/
ROS
2,
DDS
middleware
,
containerised
software
deployment
X
-
in
-
the
-
loop
validation
MIL
,
SIL
and
HIL
test
environments
,
scenario
-
based
testing
,
simulation
-
driven
validation
Over
-
the
-
air
&
remote
services
OTA
update
architecture
,
rollback
strategy
,
telematics
data
pipelines
,
fleet
diagnostics
5 / 8
08
CAD
,
CAE
&
Simulation
The
engineering
toolset
used
to
design
,
predict
and
optimise
vehicle
hardware
before
it
is
built
.
3
D
CAD
CATIA
V
5/
V
6,
Siemens
NX
,
SolidWorks
and
Creo
—
surface
,
solid
and
assembly
modelling
PLM
systems
Teamcenter
, 3
DEXPERIENCE
and
Windchill
data
management
,
release
and
revision
control
Structural
FEA
ANSYS
Mechanical
,
Abaqus
and
Nastran
—
linear
,
nonlinear
,
modal
and
durability
analysis
CFD
Star
-
CCM
+,
Fluent
and
OpenFOAM
for
external
aero
,
underhood
thermal
and
cabin
airflow
1
D
system
simulation
GT
-
SUITE
,
Ricardo
WAVE
,
AMESim
and
Simulink
/
Simscape
for
powertrain
and
thermal
circuits
Multibody
dynamics
Adams
,
Simpack
and
CarSim
/
IPG
CarMaker
for
suspension
,
handling
and
load
prediction
Design
of
experiments
DOE
and
multi
-
objective
optimisation
with
modeFRONTIER
,
HEEDS
or
Optimus
Engineering
scripting
Python
,
MATLAB
and
VBA
for
automation
,
post
-
processing
and
custom
analysis
tools
6 / 8
09
Testing
,
Validation
&
Homologation
Proving
the
design
meets
its
targets
—
on
rigs
,
on
the
proving
ground
and
in
the
certification
lab
.
DVP
&
R
planning
Test
plan
authoring
,
sample
and
vehicle
allocation
,
pass
/
fail
criteria
definition
Rig
&
bench
testing
Powertrain
dynamometers
, 4-
poster
road
simulators
,
component
endurance
rigs
HIL
&
software
-
in
-
the
-
loop
testing
dSPACE
and
Vector
VT
System
benches
,
plant
model
integration
,
automated
regression
suites
Emissions
&
fuel
economy
testing
Chassis
dyno
cycles
,
WLTP
and
RDE
procedures
,
PEMS
data
collection
and
analysis
Crash
&
occupant
safety
testing
Sled
and
barrier
testing
,
occupant
protection
assessment
,
CAE
-
to
-
test
correlation
Measurement
&
instrumentation
Strain
gauges
,
accelerometers
,
thermocouples
,
pressure
indicating
and
data
acquisition
setup
Test
data
analysis
INCA
,
CANape
,
CANalyzer
,
AVL
Concerto
and
DIAdem
for
measurement
analysis
and
reporting
10
Manufacturing
,
Materials
&
Quality
Designing
for
production
and
holding
the
line
on
quality
once
the
line
is
running
.
GD
&
T
&
tolerance
analysis
Datum
strategy
,
geometric
tolerancing
, 1
D
and
3
D
stack
-
up
analysis
,
gauge
design
Design
for
manufacture
DFM
/
DFA
reviews
,
draft
and
wall
-
thickness
rules
,
assembly
sequence
and
access
studies
Processes
&
joining
Stamping
,
casting
,
extrusion
,
spot
and
laser
welding
,
adhesives
,
SPR
and
FDS
for
aluminium
Materials
selection
High
-
strength
steels
,
aluminium
alloys
,
engineering
plastics
and
composites
for
body
and
chassis
APQP
&
PPAP
Advanced
product
quality
planning
,
PPAP
submissions
,
control
plans
,
PFMEA
,
MSA
Root
cause
problem
solving
8
D
, 5-
Why
,
Ishikawa
,
fault
tree
analysis
,
containment
and
corrective
action
verification
Quality
systems
&
continuous
improvement
IATF
16949
and
ISO
9001
requirements
,
SPC
,
Six
Sigma
,
lean
and
Kaizen
practices
7 / 8
11
Standards
&
Regulatory
Compliance
The
standards
framework
every
automotive
program
is
measured
against
,
from
safety
to
cybersecurity
to
emissions
.
Safety
&
security
standards
ISO
26262,
ISO
21448 (
SOTIF
),
ISO
/
SAE
21434,
Automotive
SPICE
process
compliance
SAE
standards
J
1772
charging
,
J
3016
automation
levels
,
J
1962
diagnostics
connector
,
J
1939
for
commercial
vehicles
Federal
motor
vehicle
safety
standards
FMVSS
208
occupant
protection
,
FMVSS
305
electrical
safety
,
FMVSS
226
ejection
mitigation
ECE
/
UN
regulations
ECE
R
94
and
R
95
crash
performance
,
R
100
battery
electric
vehicle
safety
,
UN
GTR
harmonisation
Emissions
regulation
Euro
7,
EPA
Tier
4
and
CARB
requirements
,
WLTP
test
procedures
,
durability
and
in
-
service
conformity
Component
qualification
AEC
-
Q
100
and
AEC
-
Q
200
for
electronic
components
,
environmental
and
vibration
test
standards
12
Engineering
Tools
&
Data
Systems
The
day
-
to
-
day
software
environment
an
automotive
engineer
works
inside
.
Calibration
&
measurement
tools
ETAS
INCA
,
Vector
CANape
,
CANoe
,
CANalyzer
,
AVL
Concerto
,
dSPACE
ControlDesk
Programming
&
analysis
Python
,
MATLAB
/
Simulink
,
C
/
C
++,
SQL
and
version
control
with
Git
Requirements
&
test
management
IBM
DOORS
Next
,
Polarion
,
Jama
Connect
,
test
case
traceability
matrices
PLM
&
change
control
Teamcenter
,
Windchill
and
3
DEXPERIENCE
workflows
,
ECR
/
ECO
tracking
,
release
management
Reporting
&
documentation
Technical
report
writing
,
test
report
authoring
,
data
visualisation
in
Excel
,
DIAdem
and
Power
BI
Project
coordination
Gate
reviews
,
timing
plans
,
risk
registers
,
supplier
technical
reviews
,
cross
-
functional
team
working
8 / 8
