
Welcome
Welcome to the
Microsoft Writing Style Guide,
your guide to writing style and terminology for all
communication—whether an app, a website, or a white paper. If you write about computer
technology, this guide is for you.
Today, lots of people are called upon to write about technology. We need a simple,
straightforward style guide that everyone can use, regardless of their role. And it needs to reflect
Microsoft's modern approach to voice and style: warm and relaxed, crisp and clear, and ready to
lend a hand.
Here's what you will find in the
Microsoft Writing Style Guide:
Top 10 tips for mastering Microsoft style and voice
Bias-free communication
Global communications
We welcome your feedback about the
Microsoft Writing Style Guide.
Contact us at
msstyle@microsoft.com
.
© 2024 Microsoft. All rights reserved.
Make every word matter
Last updated on 01/08/2025
What's new
This table shows a history of recent updates to the
Microsoft Writing Style Guide
.
Date
Article
Change
July 2, 2026
plugin
Improved the AI-related definition of the term.
July 2, 2026
Top 10 tips for
Microsoft style and
voice
Changed wording to clarify that the guidance to avoid end
punctuation in titles, headings, and UI text applies mainly to
periods and colons.
July 2, 2026
visit
Expanded the entry to explain when it's OK to use
visit
instead of
go to
.
May 29,
2026
allow list
block list
Created entries to define the terms and indicate a two-word
spelling.
May 29,
2026
cloud native, cloud-
native
Created an entry with a definition, usage guidelines, and audience
considerations.
May 29,
2026
lifecycle
Created an entry to indicate a one-word spelling, with examples.
May 29,
2026
subnet, subnetwork
Created an entry to explain that the abbreviated form is OK to use.
May 29,
2026
tooltip
Created an entry with a definition, usage information, and general
guidelines for creating tooltips.
April 28,
2026
screen reader
Created an entry with a definition, parts of speech, and examples.
April 28,
2026
SKU
Created an entry to advise avoiding the term in most cases, and
how to use it when necessary.
April 28,
2026
navigate, navigation
Added the reason for avoiding the term, clarified the parts of
speech, added more alternatives, and added links to related
entries.
April 28,
2026
front end, front-end
back end, back-end
Added audience considerations and examples.
ノ
Expand table
Date
Article
Change
April 28,
2026
enable, enables,
enabled
disable, disables,
disabled
Added information about consistency with the UI and examples.
April 28,
2026
Formatting developer
text elements
Added guidance on using quotation marks for AI prompts, along
with avoiding special formatting for AI prompts and error
messages when they're in list form.
April 28,
2026
real time, real-time
Added a definition and reorganized the content.
April 28,
2026
near real time, near-
real-time
Created an entry with a definition, parts of speech, and examples.
April 10,
2026
emoji, emoticons
Added definitions for the terms, updated the guidance to favor the
use of emoji over emoticons for accessibility, and added guidelines
for using emoji.
April 10,
2026
Special characters
Improved scannability and consistency in the table, added links to
related entries, and added sections about accessibility after the
table.
April 10,
2026
alt text
Created an entry to explain what alt text is and how to write it,
with several examples. All entries that mention alt text now link to
this one or have updated information.
April 2,
2026
plugin
Changed the term's spelling from a hyphenated form to a one-
word form, and updated the definition.
April 2,
2026
URI
Created an entry to define the term and explain how and when to
use it.
April 2,
2026
Describing interactions
with the UI
Added guidance on using
choose
(instead of
select
) when UI text
that follows begins with
Select
.
April 2,
2026
sync
Clarified the guidance on how and when to use the abbreviation
versus the full word.
April 2,
2026
Prepositions
Added a section to list common UI elements and their prepositions
(
in
versus
on
).
April 2,
2026
pane
Changed the preposition to use with
pane
from
on
to
in
.
April 2,
2026
following
Clarified the entry to explain how to use
following
or alternatives in
introductory text.
Date
Article
Change
April 2,
2026
white paper
Added a definition for the term.
April 2,
2026
Writing step-by-step
instructions
Reorganized and tightened the entry.
March 9,
2026
Bit and byte terms
Added
gibibyte
,
kibibyte
,
mebibyte
, and
tebibyte
to the term list.
March 6,
2026
blade
Replaced the contents with an instruction to use
pane
instead of
blade
.
March 6,
2026
pane
Clarified what a pane is, added preposition and verb guidance, and
added usage examples.
March 6,
2026
Formatting text in
instructions
Removed the table row about blades.
March 6,
2026
opt in, opt out
Expanded the term definitions and added usage guidance with
examples.
March 6,
2026
Hyphens
Added guidance for including a hyphen between a prefix and a
root word to avoid confusion with other words.
February 10,
2026
Lists
Added a section about how to format term lists.
February 6,
2026
Colons
Clarified guidance on when and where to use colons, along with
updating the examples.
January 15,
2026
blacklist
Changed the replacement for
blacklist
from
blocklist
to the two-
word form
block list.
January 15,
2026
whitelist
Changed the replacement for
whitelist
from
allowlist
to the two-
word form
allow list.
November
26, 2025
sorry
Removed
Hmm
and
Oops
from the recommendations.
June 30,
2025
Security terms
,
antivirus
,
should vs.
must
Changed the spelling of
antimalware
to
anti-malware
.
June 30,
2025
Accessibility terms
Updated the link for the Linguistic Society of America's Guidelines
for Inclusive Language.
April 28,
2025
real-time, real time
Clarified the guidance and updated the examples.
Date
Article
Change
April 28,
2025
timeout, time out
Updated the guidance to indicate that the term should now be
one word, unhyphenated, as a noun or an adjective.
April 11,
2025
Em dashes, en dashes,
hyphens, and minus
signs
Renamed the "Dashes and hyphens" topic, and revised the content
to consolidate the guidance about em dashes and en dashes,
updated guidance about minus signs, and general guidance about
hyphens.
April 11,
2025
minus sign (–), Em
dashes, En dashes
Removed these as separate topics.
April 11,
2025
Minus signs
Updated the guidance in multiple places to recommend using
minus signs instead of en dashes for subtraction operations and
negative numbers, to help improve accessibility.
March 26,
2025
Formatting developer
text elements
Updated guidance on formatting developer text elements in code
style.
March 24,
2025
References to Twitter
Replaced references to Twitter throughout with "X, formerly known
as Twitter."
March 14,
2025
Numbers checklist
Clarified guidance on using numerals with percent sign.
February 27,
2025
Copilot, copilot
Topic has been removed from the MWSG as "copilot" is no longer
the preferred term.
January 21,
2025
Writing for all abilities
Updated guidance to reflect the nuances of people-first versus
identity-first language. Revised information for screen-reader
compatibility. Added link to special characters topic for more
information.
January 15,
2025
Top 10 tips
Updated guidance about writing how you speak to be more
accessible and avoid stigmatization of neurodivergent individuals.
January 15,
2025
anti-malware
Updated guidance to indicate that this term should now be
hyphenated.
January 8,
2025
Checklists
,
backlight
,
datasheet
,
@mentions
Added checklists and guidance to reflect the use of backlight,
datasheet, and @mentions.
October 16,
2024
drive resource
Renamed topic and altered guidance to
drive resource
.
October 16,
2024
quotation marks
Clarified guidance regarding default use of straight quotation
marks and the Segoe font.
October 16,
2024
storage, storage space
Changed topic title (previously storage, storage device). Updated
guidance to use
storage space
.
Date
Article
Change
October 16,
2024
disk space
Updated guidance to recommend using storage or storage space;
updated guidance to recommend use of drive in most cases that
are not physical disks.
August 26,
2024
[Announcement]
The Microsoft Writing Style Guide has now aligned with Merriam-
Webster as its dictionary of references. Links and mentions have
been fixed globally.
June 25,
2024
prompt, prompting
Updated guidance to address new concerns about AI prompts and
provide resources for prompt writing.
May 9, 2024
Accessibility terms
Added guidance to avoid the use of "special needs."
April 19,
2024
Copilot, copilot
Created new topic with information on how to use Microsoft
Copilot versus third-party copilots in naming and descriptions.
April 18,
2024
Militaristic language
Created new topic with guidelines on avoiding overly violent and
militaristic language.
February 26,
2024
see, see also, and
similar phrases
Created new topic regarding visual-based phrases and
accessibility.
February 22,
2024
Formatting titles
Streamlined guidance to generally recommend sentence-casing;
updated to recommend bold instead of italics for titles for
enhanced readability and accessibility.
February 22,
2024
multi-
Updated to only include examples where the MWSG deviates from
the American Heritage Dictionary.
December
22, 2023
notification area
Updated guidance to reflect that this now only applies to OS
versions prior to Windows 11.
December
22, 2023
system tray
Updated guidance to reflect change with Windows 11.
November
15, 2023
enable, enables
Updated guidance to avoid use of enable, provided links to related
topics.
November
15, 2023
percent, percent sign
(%), percentage
Streamlined guidance, removed examples to focus on exception to
the percent rules.
November
15, 2023
Windows 10, Windows
11
Updated guidance and title to reflect the deprecation of Windows
7 and 8.
June 20,
2023
Accessibility terms
Updated guidance concerning neurodiversity.
June 6,
2023
Bluetooth
Updated guidance to use registered trademark symbol on first
mention.
Date
Article
Change
May 22,
2023
disable, disables
(functionality)
Changed topic title to separate out functionality from accessibility
meaning. Updated guidance to suggest alternatives for
functionality. Provided an exception for admin use cases.
May 22,
2023
disabled (person)
Changed topic title to separate out functionality from accessibility
meaning. Updated guidance to reflect people-first language is
preferred, but not always required if context is provided.
May 22,
2023
turn on, turn off
Updated guidance to suggest as a replacement for enable, disable.
February 22,
2023
Accessibility terms
Updated guidance to align with Accessibility (nuanced discussion
of identity-first language); created new table of examples; adopted
new table formatting for screen-reader compatibility.
February 22,
2023
objectives and key
results (OKR)
Created new topic.
February 22,
2023
key result (KR)
Created new topic.
February 22,
2023
key performance
indicator (KPI)
Created new topic.
October 18,
2022
Formatting text in
instructions
Clarified the guidance on using
dialog
.
June 24,
2022
Date and time terms
Reverted guidance (removed mention of ratio symbol in clock
time).
June 24,
2022
Colons
Reverted guidance (removed mention of ratio symbol in clock
time).
June 24,
2022
Nouns and pronouns
Added guidance regarding capitalization of proper nouns; added
link to Person section for discussion of using pronouns in product
UI.
June 24,
2022
Person
Revised guidance to move away from first-person singular
pronouns (with one notable exception when distinguishing
ownership of content in shared visual space); updated examples
for use of first- and second-person pronouns to reflect more use
cases in UI; added guidance about pronouns in AI-generated
content.
May 13,
2022
Lists
Added another example of a bulleted list. Expanded the Exception
and added examples to address gaps in guidance regarding lists
that do not complete an introductory phrase, but whose items are
all short, complete sentences.
Date
Article
Change
May 13,
2022
Periods
Added link to Lists topic in guidance.
May 13,
2022
Numbers
Added new section on phone numbers.
May 13,
2022
phone, phone number
Changed title of topic to include "phone number." Revised
guidance to include mobile phones and to address phone number
formatting.
December
15, 2021
Cloud-computing terms
Revised guidance to terms in the cloud-computing collection.
December
9, 2021
SQL, SQL server
Revised guidance to use the article "a" with SQL and updated
examples.
August 26,
2021
multi-
Added multicloud exception to guideline.
August 26,
2021
touch-sensitive
Added new topic.
August 25,
2021
Bias-free
communication
Added inclusive language section.
August 12,
2021
colons
Updated guidance on use of colons in clock time.
August 11,
2021
numbers
Replaced colons with ratio symbols.
August 10,
2021
date and time terms
New section on clock time.
May 31,
2021
workstream
New guidance on spelling and use.
May 31,
2021
wellbeing
New guidance on spelling and use.
April 30,
2021
invite
New topic.
April 30,
2021
dark mode
New topic.
April 30,
2021
SMB
New topic.
Date
Article
Change
March 31,
2021
bits and bytes
Updated guidance on when to abbreviate certain terms.
March 31,
2021
dialog box, dialog,
dialogue
Updated guidance on use.
March 29,
2021
check, checkbox, check
mark
Updated guidance on use.
March 26,
2021
dropdown
Updated guidance on spelling and use.
March 16,
2021
Welcome page
Updated Welcome page.
January 15,
2021
blacklist
Updated guidance on spacing for alternative term,
blocklist
.
January 15,
2021
environment variable
Updated topic guidance.
January 15,
2021
whitelist
Updated guidance on spacing for alternative term,
allowlist
.
November
24, 2020
Accessibility terms
Updated topic to include guidance on using words such as "see",
"read", and "look".
November
24, 2020
global
Updated guidance wording to be more clear.
November
24, 2020
URLs and web
addresses
Updated example in
References to specific sites and domains
section.
November
24, 2020
worldwide vs.
international
Updated topic's wording and added example.
August 4,
2020
Bias-free
communication
Updated guidance regarding unconscious racial bias and
associated examples.
August 4,
2020
blacklist
Updated guidance regarding usage and examples.
August 4,
2020
master/slave,
master/subordinate
Updated topic name, guidance, and examples.
August 4,
2020
whitelist
Updated guidance regarding usage and examples.
June 30,
2020
above
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
Date
Article
Change
June 30,
2020
below
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
destination
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
earlier
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
Formatting punctuation
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
hot link
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
hot spot, hotspot
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
jump
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
later
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
navigate
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
June 30,
2020
shortcut, shortcut menu
Updated guidance by replacing
hyperlink
with
link
.
April 29,
2020
Describing alternative
input methods
Updated example.
April 29,
2020
either/or
Updated example.
April 29,
2020
Formatting text
instructions
Revised table. Clarified wording for
Dialogue boxes
entry.
April 29,
2020
mixed reality, mixed-
reality
Updated topic; removed acronym guidelines.
April 29,
2020
pane
Added guidelines regarding preposition use; "Use the preposition
on
when referring to the contents of a pane."
March 31,
2020
Capitalization
Added guidance for hyphenated compound words
March 31,
2020
Hyphens
Updated list of examples.
Date
Article
Change
March 31,
2020
later
Updated list of examples.
March 31,
2020
multifactor
authentication
Added guidance for
multifactor authentication
.
March 31,
2020
Nouns and pronouns
Added guidance for
they
.
March 31,
2020
Numbers
Updated guidance on comma usage.
March 31,
2020
runs vs. runs on
Updated list of examples.
March 31,
2020
Units of measure terms
Updated examples on Speed frequency. Also updated comma
exceptions and examples.
September
21, 2019
Mouse and mouse
interaction term
collection
Added guidance for
scroll.
September
21, 2019
Start button, Start menu
Updated the guideline for when to use bold formatting for
Start.
September
21, 2019
Describing interactions
with UI
Deleted
press and hold.
Clarified that
select and hold
is the correct
term to use to describe pressing and holding a UI element. Added
examples.
September
18, 2019
Numbers
Added guidelines for using
K, M,
and
B
as abbreviations for
thousand, million,
and
billion.
September
17, 2019
Microsoft
Added a guideline about when to include
Microsoft
in references
to product names.
September
13, 2019
Bias-free
communication
Clarified and expanded the guidelines for gender-neutral writing.
August 16,
2019
registry, registry
settings
Updated the examples.
August 8,
2019
author
Expanded this topic to say don't use
author
as a verb when you
mean in general "to make something." Use a more precise verb.
August 8,
2019
Code examples
Clarified the approach to creating code examples, including
planning for and writing. (No change to the guidelines
themselves.)
August 8,
2019
Formatting developer
text elements
Added updated examples and fixed some errors.
Date
Article
Change
August 8,
2019
Reference
documentation
Updated contents. Updated and added more examples.
July 25,
2019
Describing interactions
with UI
Clarified the use of
select
and
enter
in describing user actions in
instructions. Added examples.
June 27,
2019
and so on
Clarified that these terms shouldn't be used. Added examples of
alternative wording.
June 27,
2019
sign in, sign out
Added
sign into
and
log into
to the list of terms that shouldn't be
used. Updated the examples.
May 28,
2019
"appears, displays" and
"displays, appears"
Deleted these topics from the A–Z word list. Microsoft style no
longer makes a recommendation for these terms.
May 28,
2019
hard-code, hard-coded,
hard-coding
Renamed the "hard-coded" topic so that the guideline applies to
the additional word forms.
May 28,
2019
passwordless
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
May 6, 2019
Names and contact
information
Added global considerations for content that addresses the
customer by name, such as in email or the product UI.
April 4,
2019
Date and time term
collection
Added guidelines for abbreviating days of the week. Changed the
guideline for month abbreviations to say don't use a period.
April 1,
2019
mixed reality, mixed-
reality
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
April 1,
2019
fail over, fail back,
failover, failback
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
April 1,
2019
single sign-on (SSO)
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
March 11,
2019
Commas
Added guidelines for when to use a comma in a series of two or
more adjectives that precede a noun.
February 28,
2019
Computer and device
term collection
Added guidelines for using
desktop
as a hardware term. Updated
the guidelines for
computer, PC, machine,
and other device terms.
February 27,
2019
blade
Clarified what the UI element called a
blade
is. Deleted the
guideline to define
blade
on first mention.
February 22,
2019
AI and bot term
collection
Changed the name from "Bot term collection." Updated the
guidelines for
bot, chatbot, virtual agent,
and
AI.
Added new
guidelines for the terms
intelligent/intelligence
and
Microsoft AI.
Date
Article
Change
February 1,
2019
Formatting developer
text elements
Clarified the guideline for how to format UI text and updated the
examples.
February 1,
2019
Formatting common
text elements
Clarified the guidelines for how to format error messages and UI
text and how to refer to error messages in text. Updated the
examples.
February 1,
2019
Formatting text in
instructions
Added guidelines for how to refer to palettes and toggles when
they're referenced in instructions.
February 1,
2019
toggle
Clarified the guideline for how to refer to toggle keys and
switches.
February 1,
2019
palette
Clarified the guideline for how to refer to palettes and updated the
examples.
January 18,
2019
Internet of Things (IoT)
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
December
12, 2018
toggle
Updated the guidance for using
switch, turn on,
and
turn off
when
describing actions involving toggle switches and toggle keys.
Added examples.
November
27, 2018
Mouse and mouse
interaction term
collection
Updated the guideline to say that
hover over
is an acceptable
alternative to
point to
and that
hover
is OK as an adjective. Added
examples.
November
26, 2018
drill down, drill up, drill
through
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
November
26, 2018
avg
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
November
8, 2018
e.g.
Updated to say that
for example, such as,
and
like
are all OK to use
instead of
e.g.
November
7, 2018
Formatting text in
instructions
Changed the guideline for key names, combinations, and
sequences to say don't put a space around the plus sign (+) in
keyboard shortcuts. Also, use bold formatting for key names and
keyboard shortcuts when they appear in instructions.
October 6,
2018
Tables
Clarified that a table must have two or more rows and two or more
columns. Otherwise, use a list.
October 4,
2018
Mouse and mouse
interaction term
collection
Changed the guideline to say that
mice
is the preferred plural of
mouse,
not
mouse devices.
September
11, 2018
org, organization
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
Date
Article
Change
September
11, 2018
company vs.
organization
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
September
10, 2018
e-sports
Added a topic to the A–Z word list.
Last updated on 07/02/2026
Microsoft's brand voice: Above all,
simple and human
Article
•
10/18/2022
There’s
what
we say, our message. And there’s
how
we say it, our voice.
The Microsoft voice is how we talk to people. It’s the interplay of personality, substance,
tone, and style.
Though our voice is constant regardless of who we’re talking to or what we’re saying, we
adapt our tone—from serious to empathetic to lighthearted—to fit the context and the
customer's state of mind.
Our voice hinges on crisp simplicity. Bigger ideas and fewer words. Less head, more
heart.
Our voice is:
Warm and relaxed
—We’re natural. Less formal, more grounded in real, everyday
conversations. Occasionally, we’re fun. (We know when to celebrate.)
Crisp and clear
—We’re to the point. We write for scanning first, reading second.
We make it simple above all.
Ready to lend a hand
—We show customers we’re on their side. We anticipate their
real needs and offer great information at just the right time.
Talking to our customers in a way that’s warm and relaxed, crisp and clear, and ready to
lend a hand reflects our commitment to empowering people to achieve more.
Style tips
A few key elements of writing Microsoft’s voice:
What do we mean by voice?
Three voice principles
A focus on the customer
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Get to the point fast.
Start with the key takeaway. Put the most important thing in
the most noticeable spot. Make choices and next steps obvious. Give people just
enough information to make decisions confidently. Don’t get in the way.
Talk like a person.
Choose optimistic, conversational language. Use short everyday
words, contractions, and sentence-style capitalization. Shun jargon and acronyms.
And never miss an opportunity to find a better word.
Simpler is better.
Everyone likes clarity and getting to the point. Break it up. Step it
out. Layer. Short sentences and fragments are easier to scan and read. Prune every
excess word.
Get started
For more quick techniques, check out the
Top 10 tips for Microsoft style and voice
.
Remember that writing is a skill. If writing isn't a functional role your team has, consider
bringing in expert help.
Yes
No
Top 10 tips for Microsoft style and voice
Our modern design hinges on crisp minimalism. Shorter is always better. To learn more, see
Brand voice
.
Example
Replace this: If you're ready to purchase Office 365 for your organization, contact your Microsoft
account representative.
With this: Ready to buy? Contact us.
Write like you speak. Read your text aloud. Avoid jargon and overly complex or technical
language. It should sound like a friendly conversation. To learn more, see
Brand voice
.
Example
Replace this: Invalid ID
With this: You need an ID that looks like this:
someone@example.com
Use contractions like
it's
,
you'll
,
you're
,
we're
, and
let's.
To learn more, see
Use contractions
.
Example
Replace this: To help you avoid traffic, remember anniversaries, and in general do more, Cortana
needs to know what you are interested in, what is on your calendar, and who you are doing
things with.
With this: To help you avoid traffic, remember anniversaries, and in general do more, Cortana
needs to know what you're interested in, what's on your calendar, and who you're doing things
with.
Use bigger ideas, fewer words
Write like you speak
Project friendliness
Get to the point fast
Lead with what's most important. Front-load keywords for scanning. Make customer choices and
next steps obvious. To learn more, see
Scannable content
.
Example
Replace this: Templates provide a starting point for creating new documents. A template can
include the styles, formats, and page layouts that you use frequently. Consider creating a
template if you often use the same page layout and style for documents.
With this: Save time by creating a document template that includes the styles, formats, and page
layouts that you use most often. Then use the template whenever you create a new document.
Give customers just enough information to make decisions confidently. Prune every excess word.
To learn more, see
Word choice
.
Example
Replace this: The
Recommended Charts
command on the
Insert
tab recommends charts that are
likely to represent your data well. Use the command when you want to visually present data and
you're not sure how to do it.
With this: Create a chart that's just right for your data by using the
Recommended Charts
command on the
Insert
tab.
Default to sentence-style capitalization—capitalize only the first word of a heading or phrase and
any proper nouns or names. Don't use title-style capitalization (Like This). To learn more, see
Capitalization
.
Examples
Replace these:
Find a Microsoft Partner
Office 365 Customer
Limited-Time Offer
Join Us Online
With these:
Find a Microsoft partner
Office 365 customer
Be brief
When in doubt, don't capitalize
Limited-time offer
Join us online
Don't use a period or a colon at the end of titles, headings, subheadings, and UI titles. To learn
more, see
Punctuation
,
Headings
, and
Lists
.
Example
Replace this:
Move a tile.
1. Press and hold the tile.
With this:
Move a tile
1. Press and hold the tile.
In a list of three or more items, include a comma before the conjunction. (The comma that comes
before the conjunction is known as the Oxford or serial comma.) To learn more, see
Commas
.
Example
Replace this: Android, iOS and Windows
With this: Android, iOS, and Windows
Use only one space after periods, question marks, and colons—and no spaces around dashes. To
learn more, see
Punctuation
.
Example
Replace this: Use pipelines — logical groups of activities — to consolidate activities that are part
of a task.
With this: Use pipelines—logical groups of activities—to consolidate activities that are part of a
task.
Use end punctuation in the right places
Remember the last comma
Don't be spacey
Revise weak writing
Most of the time, start each statement with a verb. Edit out
you can
when it isn't necessary. Avoid
weak phrasing like
there is
,
there are
, and
there were
. To learn more, see
Verbs
and
Word choice
.
Example
Replace this: You can access Office apps across your devices, and you get online file storage and
sharing.
With this: Store files online, access them from all your devices, and share them with coworkers.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Checklists
Article
•
01/08/2025
Use these checklists to review high-level guidance at a glance. For detailed guidance,
see the related articles.
Acronyms checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
Although some acronyms are widely understood and preferred to the spelled-out term,
others aren’t well known or are familiar only to a specific group of customers. These tips
will help you use acronyms and abbreviations in a way that’s clear and meaningful.
Always spell out Microsoft product and feature names.
Only use acronyms that your audience is familiar with.
For most acronyms, spell out the term first and include the acronym in
parentheses. On subsequent mentions, you can use the acronym without spelling it
out.
Lowercase all words in the spelled-out form of an acronym except for proper
nouns.
Don’t spell out the acronym if it’s listed in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
or if the
A–Z word list
says to use the acronym without spelling it out. If you’re sure your
audience is familiar with an acronym, it’s OK to use it without spelling it out.
Don’t introduce an acronym that’s used just once unless it’s needed for SEO.
Avoid using an acronym for the first time in a title or heading, unless it’s a keyword
that you need to place in the title or heading for SEO.
Use
a
or
an,
depending on how you pronounce the acronym (for example,
an ISP, a
SQL database
).
Form the plural of an acronym like you would any other noun (for example,
three
APIs
).
Unless an acronym refers to a person or an organization, avoid using the
possessive form.
In content that will be machine translated, be careful with acronyms that form
common English words, like
RAM.
They can be translated incorrectly.
Learn more
about
acronyms
.
Learn more
about
abbreviations of units of measure
.
Capitalization checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
In general, Microsoft style is sentence-style capitalization.
Always capitalize proper nouns.
Lowercase everything except the first word in a sentence, UI label, phrase, heading,
or title (including the titles of blogs, articles, and press releases).
Don’t capitalize the spelled-out form of an acronym unless it's a proper noun.
Use title-style capitalization for product and service names, book and song titles,
article titles in citations, names of blogs, and titles of people (
Vice President
, for
example).
It's OK to use title-style capitalization in tweets to set off a quoted article.
In programming languages, follow the traditional capitalization of keywords and
other special terms.
Don't use all uppercase for emphasis.
Don't use all lowercase as a design choice.
Learn more
about capitalization
.
Learn more
about proper nouns
.
Grammar and parts of speech checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
As creative as it is, the art of writing is governed by a set of rules with a lot of built-in
flexibility. This checklist covers rules of grammar that are important in Microsoft content
and how to apply them. You'll notice a preference for style and word choices that are
simple, straightforward, and human. That's what makes us sound like Microsoft—
and helps you connect with customers.
These basic guidelines will get you started creating clear and useful content.
Use present-tense verbs—verbs that indicate the action is happening now, like
is
and
open.
Avoid
will, was,
and verbs ending in
–ed,
which indicate that text isn't in
the present tense.
Learn more
.
For most content, write simple statements of fact (called the
indicative mood
). Use
direct commands (
imperative mood
) for procedures and instructions. Use wishes,
hypotheses, and suggestions (
subjunctive mood
) sparingly.
Learn more.
Use active voice (where the subject performs the action) whenever you can. In
passive voice, the receiver of the action is the subject.
Learn more.
Match a verb with its subject in person and number.
Learn more.
Examples
The document is in the folder.
The documents are in the folder.
Use second person most of the time. Second person often uses the pronoun
you,
as though you're speaking to the customer.
Learn more
.
Don't use gender-specific singular pronouns (
he
or
she
) in generic references.
Instead, use
you
or refer to someone's role.
Learn more
.
Capitalize proper nouns—things like names of unique people, places, and things
(products, books, organizations, and companies, for example). Check
Merriam-
Webster Dictionary
or the
A–Z word list
to find out whether a term is a proper
noun.
Learn more.
Be careful with words ending in –
ing
, which can play different roles in a phrase. For
example, in the phrase
meeting requirements,
make sure it's clear whether this is a
discussion about requirements for a meeting or how to meet requirements.
Learn more.
Prepositional phrases modify something else in a sentence. For example, in
The
reading pane displays the content of the selected message,
the phrase
of the
selected message
modifies
the content.
Avoid using consecutive prepositional
phrases. Long chains of prepositional phrases are hard to read and
interpret.
Learn more
.
Modifiers are words or phrases that modify other words or phrases. Make sure it's
clear what they modify. For example, in the phrase
the selected text only is
modified,
the word
only
could modify
text
or
is modified.
Rewrite as
only the
selected text is modified
to clarify.
Learn more
.
Numbers checklist
Article
•
04/14/2025
When you write about numbers used in examples or UI, duplicate them exactly as they appear
in the UI. In all other content, follow these guidelines. For detailed guidelines, see
Numbers
.
Use for:
Zero through nine, unless space is limited.
One of the numbers, when two numbers that refer to separate categories must appear
together. For example,
two 3-page articles
.
At the beginning of a sentence.
Ordinal numbers, such as
first.
Don't add
-ly
, as in
firstly
, to ordinal numbers.
Use for:
Numbers in UI.
Numbers 10 or greater.
Numbers zero through nine when you have limited space.
All numbers in a category if one or more numbers requires a numeral. For example,
a 16-
page article, a 7-page article, and a 3-page article.
Measurements of distance, temperature, volume, size, weight, pixels, points, and so on. To
learn more, see
Units of measure term collection
.
A round number of 1 million or more.
Numbers the customer is directed to type.
Dimensions. Use the multiplication sign (×), preceded and followed by a space, for tile
sizes, screen resolutions, and paper sizes. For everything else, spell out
by
.
Time of day.
Percentages. Use the percent sign (“%”) with numerals, rather than spelling out “percent.”
Coordinates of tables or worksheets and numbered sections of documents.
Use in numbers that have four or more digits, regardless of how they appear in the UI.
Exception: When designating years or baud, use commas only when the number has five
or more digits.
Spelled out numbers
Numerals
Commas
Don't use in page numbers, street addresses, or decimal fractions.
Don't use ordinal numbers, such as
June first
or
October twenty-eighth
, for dates. Use a
numeral instead.
Always spell out the name of the month.
Learn more about
dates and time
.
Form a negative number with a minus sign, not an en dash. Learn more about
Em dashes,
en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
.
Hyphenate compound numbers when they're spelled out. Learn more about
Em dashes,
en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
.
Don't use numerals separated by a slash to express fractions. Exception: When an
equation occurs in text, it's OK to use a slash between the numerator and the
denominator.
Hyphenate spelled-out fractions. Connect the numerator and denominator with a hyphen
unless either already contains a hyphen (for example,
one-third
but
three sixty-fourths
).
Learn more about
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
.
In tables, align decimals on the decimal point.
In decimal fractions less than one, include a zero (
0.1255
, for example) unless the
customer is asked to type the value.
When spelling out units of measure, use the singular form for quantities of one or less,
except for zero, which takes the plural form. Learn more about
units of measure
.
In most cases, use
from
and
through
to describe a range of numbers. Exception: Use an en
dash in a range of pages or where space is an issue, such as in tables and UI.
Don't use
from
before a range indicated by an en dash, such as
10–15
.
Dates
Negative numbers
Compound numbers
Fractions and decimals
Ranges of numbers
Learn more about
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
.
In UI, avoid
K, M,
and
B
as abbreviations for
thousand, million,
and
billion
unless space is
limited.
In other content, spell out
thousand, million,
and
billion,
or use the entire number.
Contact your localization team before using these abbreviations in content that will be
localized.
If you must use the abbreviations, follow these guidelines:
Capitalize
K, M,
and
B.
Don't put a space between the number and the abbreviation.
Use the decimal form of a number (such as
8.25M
) only if it really will save space.
See also
Numbers
Date and time term collection
Units of measure term collection
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
Abbreviations
Procedures and instructions checklist
In the best-case scenario, the UI is so clear and task driven that you don't need additional
instructions. When the task is more complex or involves more than one UI, look for the
simplest way to present it. That might be:
A picture, an illustration, a poster, or an infographic.
A video.
A single sentence.
A numbered procedure, supplemented if necessary with pictures, videos, and links or
buttons that take customers where they need to go.
Follow this checklist when procedures are the best way to help your customers complete a
task. Use consistent text formatting—see
Formatting text in instructions
. And always think
accessibility—see
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
.
Learn more about procedures and instructions
.
Use numbered steps.
Write a complete sentence for each step. Capitalize the first word and end the sentence
with a period.
Use
imperative verb forms
.
Consider using a heading that tells customers what the procedure will help them do.
Keep it short—ideally, fit the whole procedure on one screen. Omit unnecessary details.
Combine simple actions that occur in the same place in the UI into a single step.
Include actions that complete a procedure, such as selecting the
OK
or
Apply
button.
Make sure customers know where the action in the step takes place. Provide a brief
phrase if you need to, such as "on the
Design
tab, …." Or provide an introductory step to
avoid any confusion: "On the ribbon, go to the
Design
tab."
If there's only one step, use the format that you use for procedures with multiple steps,
but replace the number with a bullet. Or use regular paragraph text.
If your editorial style guide allows it, abbreviate simple sequences of menu interactions by
using greater-than symbols. Don't use bold formatting for the symbols. Include a space
before and after each one.
Step-by-step instructions
Example
Select
Accounts
>
Other accounts
>
Add an account
.
Learn more about step-by-step instructions
.
Use the following verbs, which describe any input method—touch, mouse, keyboard, voice,
and so on.
Open
for apps, shortcut menus, files, and folders.
Close
for apps, panes, dialogs, windows, files, and folders.
Leave
for websites and webpages.
Go to
for a menu or a particular place in the UI, like search, a ribbon, or a tab.
Select
for UI options, values, links, and menu items.
Select and hold
for pressing and holding an element in the UI for about a second.
Clear
for removing the selection from a checkbox.
Choose
for a general choice rather than selecting something specific.
Enter
for instructing the reader to type or otherwise enter a value.
Specify
for instructing a reader to type or select a value, such as in a combo box (in
content for technical audiences only).
Move
for moving something from one place to another by dragging, pasting, or another
method.
Zoom
,
zoom in
, and
zoom out
for changing the magnification of a screen or window.
Avoid
press
,
press and hold
, and
right-click
if you can. Try to use an input-neutral verb instead.
Learn more about describing interactions with the UI
.
Most of the time, use input-neutral verbs to describe interactions with the UI. See
Describing interactions with the UI
to learn how.
For accessibility, always document keyboard procedures, even if they're indicated in the
UI by underlined letters.
If you need to document mouse procedures, be consistent. For example, list the mouse
method before the keyboard method consistently if you document both. Don't combine
Interactions with the UI
Alternative input methods
keyboard and mouse actions by using a plus sign. For example, use
hold down Shift while
clicking
instead of
Shift+click
.
If you describe joystick interactions, assume that a mouse is a primary input device.
Include joystick information in a table along with other alternative input methods.
Use these verbs for pen and touch input:
Use
tap
to describe selecting something on the screen by tapping it once with a finger
or pen. Don't use
tap on
. Don't use
click
.
Use
double-tap
to describe selecting something on the screen by tapping twice in
quick succession. Don't use
double-tap on
. Don't use
double-click
.
Use
tap and hold
only if a program or app requires it. Don't use
touch and hold
.
Use
pan
to describe moving the screen in multiple directions, as you would pan a
camera to see different views of the environment. For contact gestures, use
pan
to
refer to moving a finger, hand, or pen on the device surface to move through screens
or menus. Don't use
drag
or
scroll
for these actions.
Use
flick
to describe moving one or more fingers to scroll through items on the screen.
Don't use
scroll
.
Use
swipe
to describe a short, quick movement in the direction opposite to how the
page scrolls.
Learn more about alternative input methods
.
If you need to document multiple ways to perform a task, use one of these methods:
List the steps in a table. Put the step numbers in the left column, and provide a separate
column for each input method.
Document the primary input method, and provide alternative instructions in parentheses
or separate sentences.
If there are alternative ways to perform an entire procedure, such as saving a file and
continuing to work or saving a file and closing a program, use a table. List each
alternative in the left column and instructions on the right.
If a step has more than one option, list the options as bullets under the numbered step.
Learn more about multiple input methods
.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Multiple input methods
Punctuation checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
Keep it simple.
Stick to short, simple sentences. Sentences that contain lots of punctuation tend
to be complex and hard to read.
End all sentences with a period, even if they're only two words.
Use only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation marks, and colons.
Include a colon at the end of a phrase that directly introduces a list.
If one or more list elements complete the introductory phrase preceding the
colon, use a period after every list element.
If all list elements are short phrases (three words or fewer), don’t end them with
periods, even if they form a complete sentence together with the list
introduction.
If one or more list elements are complete sentences, use a period after every
element, even if a list element contains three or fewer words.
Include commas after every item in a series, including the last one.
Example networks, storage, and virtual machines
You might know that extra comma as the Oxford comma.
Learn more
.
Use a comma following an introductory phrase, to join independent clauses with
a conjunction, and to surround the year when you use a complete date within a
sentence.
Learn more
.
Use an apostrophe to indicate a missing letter in a contraction (such as
don’t
)
and to form the possessive case of a noun (as in
Insider’s Guide
). Don’t use
an apostrophe for the possessive of
it
(its) to avoid confusion with the contraction
it’s
.
Learn more
.
When you use a colon in a sentence, lowercase the word that follows it unless it's a
proper noun or the first word of a quotation.
Learn more
.
A sentence that contains a semicolon might be complex. Try to rewrite the
sentence as multiple sentences or break it into a list.
Learn more
.
Use exclamation points sparingly. Save them for when they count.
Use question marks sparingly. Customers expect
us
to give
them
answers.
Learn more
.
Place closing quotation marks:
Outside commas and periods.
Inside other punctuation.
Exception If punctuation is part of the quoted material, place it inside the
quotation marks.
In general, don’t use hyphens unless leaving them out could result in confusion.
Learn more
.
Don’t use spaces around em dashes (—).
Learn more
.
Don’t use a slash (/) to indicate a choice or as a substitute for
or
.
Learn more
.
In general, format punctuation in the same font style as the main content of a
sentence or phrase unless it's part of an element such as a command,
option, keyword, placeholder, link, pop-up text, or user input.
Learn more about
punctuation
.
Responsive content checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
Assume that most content will be viewed on tablets or mobile devices by some
customers. Plan for it.
Consider the order in which columns will display on a small screen.
Write short sections and short paragraphs—ideally, the reader should be able to
see a full paragraph on the screen.
Limit headings to one short line.
Organize infographics in compact sections for mobile viewing, and provide a way
for readers to open the infographic so they can enlarge areas.
Simplify charts and graphs, and write short chart titles and axis labels.
Limit the number of columns in a table.
Learn more
about
responsive content
.
Text-formatting checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
Use the Segoe font family.
Use sentence-style capitalization for everything except proper nouns.
Use left alignment. Never center text or align both right and left margins.
Avoid widows, orphans, and lines that end with hyphens.
Don’t compress line spacing.
Learn more
about using type
.
Format text elements consistently.
Learn about
Formatting common text elements
Formatting titles
Formatting developer text elements
Word choice checklist
Article
•
01/08/2025
Choose simple, precise words that you use in conversations.
Use common contractions, such as
that's
and
don’t
. They’re friendly and
conversational.
Learn more
.
Avoid words with more than one meaning.
Learn more
.
Use as few words as possible. Omit unnecessary adverbs (words that describe how,
when, or where) and use precise, one-word verbs (such as
try
instead of
attempt to
)
whenever you can.
Learn more
.
If you mean the same thing, use the same word. Use the
A–Z word list
and your
group's editorial style guide to find preferred terms for Microsoft content.
Don’t give technical meanings to common words (like using
bucket
to mean
group
)
or use nouns as verbs or verbs as nouns.
Learn more
.
Don’t create a new word if one already exists. If you’re working on emerging
technology, research terminology already in use before you create a new term.
Learn more
.
Use technical terms carefully and define them in context if there’s a chance your
audience won’t understand them. Use plain language whenever you can.
Learn
more
.
Use the words your audience uses. If you're writing for a particular industry, such
as healthcare or construction, refer to reputable language sources (industry
glossaries or associations, for example) to make sure you’re using industry terms
correctly.
Learn more
.
Avoid jargon when there’s a familiar word that will do.
Learn more
.
Don't use words that attribute human characteristics to devices and products.
Devices don't think, feel, or otherwise exhibit human characteristics.
Accessibility terms
06/30/2025
In general, use people-first language (refer first to the person, followed by the disability). To
ensure clarity and consistency, this should be the default unless you know a specific audience
prefers otherwise.
In some cases, however, identity-first language can be used, because some people and
communities take pride in recognizing their disability as an integral part of their identity and
feel that person-first language is marginalizing. Always make an effort to know the preferences
expressed by a person with a disability or a disability community and defer to these.
In all cases, don't use language that has offensive or insensitive connotations, such as
maimed
or
impaired
.
The following table lists examples of people-first language (preferred), identity-first language
(acceptable, context-dependent), and offensive or insensitive language (never allowed).
Preferred (people-first)
Acceptable (identity-
first)
Do not use (offensive/insensitive)
Person who is blind, person with
low vision
Blind person
Sight-impaired, vision-impaired
Person who is deaf, person with a
hearing disability
Deaf person
Hearing-impaired
Person with limited mobility,
person who has a mobility or
physical disability
Physically disabled
person, wheelchair
user
Crippled, lame, handicapped
Is unable to speak, uses sign
language, uses synthetic speech
Dumb, mute, non-verbal
Has multiple sclerosis, cerebral
palsy, a seizure disorder, or
muscular dystrophy
Affected by, stricken with, suffers from, a
victim of, an epileptic
Person without a disability
Non-disabled person,
able-bodied person
Normal person, healthy person
Person with a prosthetic limb,
person with a limb difference,
person with an amputation
Amputee
Maimed, missing a limb, birth defect
ノ
Expand table
Preferred (people-first)
Acceptable (identity-
first)
Do not use (offensive/insensitive)
Person with a disability
Disabled person
People with handicaps, the handicapped
Person with cognitive disabilities,
developmental disabilities, learning
disabilities, or dyslexia
Learning disabled,
dyslexic person
Slow learner, mentally handicapped,
differently abled, Special Ed person,
stupid, special needs
Person with autism
Autistic person,
neurodivergent
person
Asperger's
functional needs (or paraphrase
according to the specific disability)
special needs
For an overview of Microsoft accessibility policies, see
Accessibility guidelines and
requirements
.
To learn more about writing that conveys respect to all people and promotes equal
opportunities, see the
Guidelines for Inclusive Language
from the Linguistic Society of
America.
AI and bot terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid talking about AI and bot technology. Instead, focus on the benefits of the
technology or what the customer wants to do with it. When it's necessary to talk about
the technology itself—such as in content for developers or in event presentations, or to
make it clear that the customer is chatting with a bot, not a person—use the terms
below.
Before you invent a term, make sure a suitable term doesn't already exist. For more
information about creating new terms or using emerging terminology, see
Use technical
terms carefully
.
Learn more
See
Chatbots and virtual agents
for guidelines for creating a new chatbot.
Term
Usage
AI
To refer to the technology itself, use
AI
for all audiences and in most
content, including blogs, websites, and email. Don't spell out
artificial
intelligence.
Use
intelligent
or
intelligence
to describe or talk about the benefits of AI.
Examples
Power BI realizes the promise of AI in intelligent features such as image
recognition, text analytics, and automated machine learning.
From document translation to intelligent threat detection, AI is
enhancing the productivity of more than 120 million commercial Office
365 users.
bot, chatbot, virtual
agent
Use
bot
to refer to an app that performs automated tasks or engages
with humans through a conversational interface.
If necessary, it's OK to use
chatbot
to clarify that the bot uses
conversation to interact with the customer or
virtual agent
if the bot
provides customer or technical support. After that, use
bot.
Never refer to Cortana as a
bot, chatbot,
or
virtual agent.
Use
personal
digital assistant
instead.
conversation as a
platform (CaaP)
Don't use in content for a general audience.
OK to use if it's necessary to refer to the computing model in which two
or more people or other entities exchange messages. Define the term on
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
the first use, if necessary, to make sure the meaning is clear to your
audience.
Spell out
conversation as a platform
whenever possible. If the term
appears often, it's OK to use
CaaP
after the abbreviation is introduced in
parentheses. Don't capitalize as
CAAP.
Don't hyphenate
conversation as a platform
when used as a modifier.
conversational user
interface (CUI)
Avoid the term in customer-facing communications.
OK to use if it's necessary to refer to a computing model where people
interact with a system in a conversational manner, using text or voice
input. Define the term on the first use, if necessary, to make sure the
meaning is clear to your audience.
Spell out
conversational user interface
or
conversational UI
on the first
use. Use
CUI
after the abbreviation is introduced in parentheses.
intelligent,
intelligence,
intelligent technology
For all audiences and in most content, use
intelligent
or
intelligence
to
describe or talk about the benefits of AI.
In UI, use
intelligent technology
to describe the underlying technology
that powers AI features.
Don't use
smart technology.
Examples
To help people do their best work, Microsoft is making AI available to
everyone by building intelligent features into our core products.
Enhance your sales performance and planning with intelligent
applications like Microsoft Dynamics 365 AI for Sales.
From document translation to intelligent threat detection, AI is
enhancing the productivity of more than 120 million commercial Office

Term
Usage
365 users.
Microsoft AI
Use only to refer to the initiative that Microsoft is undertaking to
accelerate AI capabilities and infuse intelligence into our offerings.
Microsoft AI isn't a technology, feature, product, or service. Don't say
things like "Powered by Microsoft AI." Don't spell out
artificial
intelligence
in references to Microsoft AI.
personal digital
assistant
Use to refer to a type of bot that has a name, a semblance of a
personality, knowledge of a customer's needs and preferences, and the
ability to act on those needs and preferences.
Use instead of
agent, virtual assistant,
or
intelligent personal assistant
to
refer to Cortana.
social chatbot,
relationship chatbot
Use instead of
emotional chatbot
or
personified chatbot
to refer to a
chatbot that people have conversations with for entertainment. Social
chatbots often have a name and persona. Zo, Xiaoice, and Rinna are the
Microsoft social chatbots.
voice-activated device
OK when it's necessary to refer to the category of devices, such as the
Harman Kardon voice-activated speaker, that use Cortana.
voice user interface
(VUI)
Avoid the term in customer-facing communications.
OK to use if it's necessary to refer to a computing model where people
use voice input to interact with a system, similar to a conversation.
Define the term on the first use, if necessary, to make sure the meaning
is clear to your audience.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
Spell out
voice user interface
or
voice UI
whenever possible. If the term
appears often, it's OK to use
VUI
after the abbreviation is introduced in
parentheses.
Yes
No
Bit and byte terms
テ
Summarize this article for me
In general, spell out
bit
and
byte
terms on the first mention unless:
Your audience is familiar with the abbreviation.
You're working on UI text.
In those cases, or after you've spelled out the term on the first mention, it's OK to use the
abbreviation.
Use abbreviations only with numbers in specific measurements.
Examples
128 TB
measured in terabytes
Insert a space between the abbreviation and the numeral, or hyphenate if the
measurement modifies a noun.
Examples
512 gigabytes (GB) of RAM
from 1 GB to a maximum of 2 GB
23 MB/day
up to 2 TB of physical memory with 8 TB of address space
200 MB of available hard-drive space
a 650-MB limit
In measurements, when the unit of measure isn't abbreviated, use the singular form of
the unit of measure when the number is 1. Use the plural form for all other
measurements.
Examples
0 megabits
0.5 megabits
1 megabit
15 megabits
Use
of
to add a modifier to a measurement used as a noun.
Example
The operation requires 200 MB of available hard-drive space.
Use commas in numbers that have four or more digits, regardless of how the numbers
appear in the UI.
Example
1,024 MB
Term
Abbreviation
Usage
bits per pixel
bpp
bits per second
bps
Don't use as a synonym for
baud
. See
Units of measure term
collection
for information about
baud
.
byte
B
Don't abbreviate, unless in UI.
exabyte
EB
Don't use
E
,
E byte
, or
EByte
.
gibibyte
GiB
gigabit
Gb
Don't abbreviate, unless in UI.
gigabits per
second
Gbps
Don't spell out as
Gb per second
.
gigabyte
GB
Don't use
G
,
G byte
, or
GByte
.
kibibyte
KiB
kilobit
Kb
Don't abbreviate, unless in UI.
kilobits per
second
Kbps
Don't spell out as
KB per second
.
kilobyte
KB
Don't use
K
,
K byte
, or
KByte
.
kilobytes per
second
KBps
Don't spell out as
KB per second
.
mebibyte
MiB
megabit
Mb
Don't abbreviate, unless in UI.
megabits per
second
Mbps
Don't spell out as
Mb per second
.
megabyte
MB
Don't use
M
,
meg
,
M byte
, or
MByte
.
megabytes per
second
MBps
Don't spell out as
MB per second
.
ノ
Expand table
Term
Abbreviation
Usage
petabyte
PB
Don't use
P
,
P byte
, or
PByte
.
tebibyte
TiB
terabyte
TB
Don't use
T
,
T byte
, or
TByte
.
zettabyte
ZB
Don't use
Z
,
Z byte
, or
ZByte
.
Last updated on 03/09/2026
Cloud-computing terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
As cloud computing evolves, the consistent use of its terminology across Microsoft
content presents a clear story to customers.
This section covers common cloud-computing terms.
For more information about creating new terms or using emerging terminology, see
Use
technical terms carefully
.
Term
Usage
as a service (-aaS)
Use only
as a service (-aaS)
terms included in this term list.
Don’t create new
as a service
terms or
-aaS
acronyms. Instead, describe
the service and what it provides the customer.
cloud, the cloud
Don't capitalize
cloud
except in references to the Microsoft Cloud or when
it's part of a product name.
Use
cloud
mostly as an adjective. Use sparingly as a noun—instead of
the
cloud
, talk about
cloud computing
,
cloud services
, or a specific service or
functionality and what the customer can do with it.
cloud bursting,
cloud-bursting
It’s OK to use
cloud bursting
for technical audiences to mean when a
private cloud taps into additional resources on the public cloud to meet a
spike in demand. Define on the first mention.
Hyphenate
cloud-bursting
as an adjective preceding a noun, as in
cloud-
bursting configuration
.
cloud computing,
cloud platform,
cloud services
Use
cloud computing
, not
the cloud
, to refer generally to the delivery of
computing services over the internet.
Use
cloud platform
only in content for a technical audience, such as
content about Azure.
Use
cloud services
to refer to the services provided via the cloud—such as
servers, storage, databases, and software.
All terms are two words and lowercase.
cloud native, cloud-
native
In content for a technical audience, it’s OK to use
cloud native
to describe
technologies that are built originally for the cloud and therefore
optimized for cloud scale and performance.
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
Lowercase. Hyphenate
cloud-native
as an adjective preceding a noun, as
in
cloud-native app
. Don’t hyphenate in other instances.
Don’t use
born in the cloud
,
cloud-born
, or similar phrases.
cloud OS
Don’t use. Use
platform as a service (PaaS)
instead.
community cloud
Never use. Use
hybrid cloud
,
private cloud
, or
hosted private cloud
instead.
content delivery
network
Lowercase when referring in general to a distributed network of servers
that deliver web content. Always spell out; don’t use
CDN
.
cross-tenant
Hyphenate in all positions.
edge, edge
computing
It’s OK to use these terms to refer to computing that shifts most data
processing from a centralized system closer to a device or system that
requires data quickly. Include short definitions of
the edge
and
edge
computing
unless you’re sure your audience is familiar with the terms.
Lowercase.
Use
at the edge
—not
on the edge
—in references to edge computing.
elastic computing,
elastic cloud
computing
In general, avoid using these terms and instead talk about what the
customer can do with this technology.
If your meaning is unclear without the terms, it’s OK to use them to talk
about the use of cloud computing to quickly expand or decrease
computer processing, memory, and storage resources to meet changing
demands. Use
elastic cloud computing
when you need to clarify that cloud
services are used.
Define these terms on the first mention unless you’re sure that your
audience is familiar with them.
hosted service
Use this term to describe a service, an IT solution, or an application that's
hosted by a service provider and made available to customers over the
internet.
hosting provider,
hoster
It's OK to use
cloud hosting provider
and
web hosting provider
if you need
to distinguish cloud service providers from web hosts. Don't use
hoster
.
hybrid cloud
OK to use for technical audiences who are comfortable with cloud
technology, but define on the first mention. For other audiences, just talk
about a hybrid model.
infrastructure as a
service (IaaS)
Use for technical audiences only.
It’s OK to use
IaaS
after the term has been spelled out on the first
Term
Usage
mention with the abbreviated form in parentheses.
Don't capitalize as
IAAS.
Don't hyphenate as a modifier.
IT as a service
(ITaaS)
Use for technical or business-decision-maker audiences only.
In content for a general audience, refer to the specific type of service, such
as applying software updates, in a cloud-computing model.
It’s OK to use
ITaaS
after the term has been spelled out on the first
mention with the abbreviated form in parentheses.
Don't capitalize as
ITAAS
.
Don't hyphenate as a modifier.
the Microsoft Cloud
Use this term to describe the entire Microsoft cloud platform—not just
Azure, but also the cloud on which all Microsoft cloud offerings run,
including Dynamics 365, Microsoft Power Platform, and Microsoft 365.
When used in this meaning,
Microsoft Cloud
is capitalized.
Include the article (
the
) before
Microsoft Cloud
.
It’s OK to add a modifier between
the
and
Microsoft Cloud
—for example,
“the trusted Microsoft Cloud.”
multicloud
It's OK to use
multicloud
in content for technical audiences to refer to the
use of multiple cloud-computing services from more than one cloud
provider (including private and public clouds), in a heterogeneous
environment.
One word, no hyphen.
multitenant,
multitenancy
It's OK to use these terms in content for a technical audience, but in
content for a general audience, try to use friendlier language—for
example, say
services used by multiple tenants
rather than
multitenant
services
.
One word, no hyphen.
on-premises, off-
premises
Hyphenate in all positions.
Premises
is plural. Don't use
on-premise
,
off-premise
.
Don't use
on-premises cloud
or
off-premises cloud.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
platform as a service
(PaaS)
Use for technical audiences only.
It’s OK to use
PaaS
after the term has been spelled out on the first
mention with the abbreviated form in parentheses.
Don't capitalize as
PAAS
.
Don't hyphenate as a modifier.
private cloud,
hosted private cloud
Define these terms on the first mention.
serverless
One word, no hyphen.
software as a service
(SaaS)
It’s OK to use
SaaS
after the term has been spelled out on the first
mention with the abbreviated form in parentheses.
Don't capitalize as
SAAS
.
Don't hyphenate as a modifier.
Yes
No
Computer and device terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
In the modern world, customers get things done with whatever device is handy. When
you write, focus on what the customer wants to accomplish. If you must write about the
device itself, use the most general term that works—usually, that's
device
. Sometimes,
it's
computer,
phone,
or
wearable device
. Occasionally, it's
laptop,
smartphone,
or
fitness
band.
Use these verbs to talk about using devices and peripheral devices:
Use
turn on
and
turn off,
not
power on,
power off, switch on,
or
switch off.
Use
set up
to describe preparing hardware or software for first use.
Use
install
and
uninstall
to refer to adding and removing hardware drivers and
apps.
Use
connect
and
disconnect
to refer to establishing a relationship between devices
(direct or wireless) and connecting a device to a network or the internet.
Term
Usage
device, mobile
device
Use
device
to refer collectively to all types of computers, phones, and other
devices.
Use
mobile device
only when you need to call out the mobility.
It's OK to modify
device
when it matters. For example,
point-of-sale device
.
computer, PC
Use
computer
when you need to talk about a computing device other than a
phone, wearable device, or gaming console.
It's OK to use
PC
when space is a constraint, but don't switch between
PC
and
computer
.
Don't use
mobile computer,
portable computer,
or
mobile PC.
phone, mobile
phone,
Use
phone
most of the time.
Device interaction terms
Preferred device terms
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
smartphone
If you need to call out the mobility, use
mobile phone
.
Use
smartphone
only if you need to distinguish a smartphone from other
types of phones.
Don't use
wireless phone,
cell phone,
or
cellular phone.
tablet, laptop
Use a more generic term unless you're talking about a specific class of
computers. Use
tablet
only to refer to a touchscreen computer without a
permanently attached keyboard. Use
laptop
to refer to a portable computer
with a permanently attached keyboard, with or without a touchscreen.
Don't use
slate
or
notebook.
wearable device,
fitness band
Use only when it's necessary to differentiate devices that are meant to be
worn from other devices.
Avoid using
wearable
as a noun.
Use the following terms only when you need to be more specific than you can be by
using the preferred terms.
Term
Usage
handheld
device
Use only to refer to a small, limited-use device that accesses, captures, and updates
information in real time, such as the devices often used in line-of-business (LOB)
applications. If possible, just use
device
.
Don't use
handheld
as a noun.
Don't use
handheld PC
or
handheld computer
.
desktop
Use only to refer to a type of computer that isn't portable or a server computer.
Don't use
desktop
as a synonym for
computer
or
PC.
machine
Most of the time, don't use
machine
to mean a computer. Use
computer
instead.
It's OK to use
machine
in content for a technical audience and in content about
virtualization to describe both physical machines and virtual machines.
Examples
Updates help to enhance the security and performance of your computer.
Move virtual machines from one physical server to another to balance the load
Acceptable terms for specific references
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
among physical servers.
A signed machine certificate uniquely identifies the computer.
client,
server
Use
client
or
server
only if it's clear to the reader whether the client or server
discussed is hardware or software.
Use
client computer
or
server computer
if you need to clarify that you're discussing
hardware.
Don't use
box
in reference to client and server hardware.
In general, use the most generic term that describes a peripheral device or hardware
component.
Term
Usage
adapter
Use instead of
adaptor
.
disc
Use
disc,
not
disk,
to refer to a CD or DVD.
disk
Use
disk
only in the context of Azure cloud storage and virtual machines.
Use
hard drive,
not
disk, fixed disk, hard disk,
or
disk drive
to refer to the
drive on a PC where programs are typically stored.
display, screen,
monitor
Use
display
as a general term for any visual output device, including the
built-in display on a computing device and an external monitor or
projector.
Use
screen
to distinguish the usable portion of the display from its edges.
Use
monitor
only when you need to refer specifically to a standalone
desktop or mounted display device that can be connected to a computing
device.
drive
Avoid talking about drives in content for a general audience. It's usually
enough to prompt customers to save a file, picture, song, and so on.
Use
drive
as the general term for any type of device where a customer can
save or retrieve files, including
hard drive,
CD drive,
DVD drive,
USB flash
drive,
or any other removable storage device. Use
hard drive
when
necessary to refer to a drive on a PC where programs are typically stored.
Peripheral devices and hardware components
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
Avoid referring to the type of drive if you can.
Use
drive C,
not
drive C:,
drive C>,
or
C: drive,
when necessary.
Use
network drive,
not
remote drive,
to refer to a logical network drive
name.
Example
network drive X
mouse, pen,
controller, joystick,
touchpad, trackball
In general, don't talk about specific input devices. Most of the time, talk
about how the customer interacts with the app or game by selecting,
choosing, and so on. To learn more, see
Describing interactions with UI
.
When you must discuss interacting with a specific type of device, don't use
pointing device
or
input device.
Instead, use the specific term for that
device:
mouse, pen, controller, joystick, touchpad,
or
trackball.
Use
tablet pen
on the first mention, and
pen
thereafter. Don't use
stylus.
Joysticks have
controls
(not
options
) for controlling movement on the
screen.
network adapter
Use instead of
network card
to describe hardware that supports connecting
a computer to a network.
touchscreen
One word. Use sparingly. Most of the time, talk about how the customer
interacts with the app or product by selecting, choosing, and so on. See
Describing interactions with UI
to learn more.
USB
Don't spell out. Use only as an adjective.
Examples
USB drive
USB hub
USB 3.0 port
Yes
No
Date and time terms
Article
•
05/09/2023
This section covers usage for terms related to time and date.
Term
Usage
24/7
Don't use. Use
all day, every day, always,
or something
similar.
AM, PM
Use
AM
and
PM
(preceded by a space). Use capital letters
for
AM
and
PM
.
Examples
10:45 AM
6:30 PM
Dates
Use the following format for dates:
month day, year,
as in
July 31, 2016
. Don't use
day month year,
as in
31 July 2016
.
In UI, it's OK to use numbers and slashes for dates if the
code supports that format and automatically displays the
appropriate date format for different locales.
Don't use ordinal numbers (such as 1st, 12th, or 23rd) to
indicate a date.
Examples
February 16, 2016
2/16/16 (in UI)
Days of the week: Sunday–
Saturday
Capitalize the days of the week. Don't use abbreviations
unless space is extremely limited. Don't include a period
with the abbreviations.
Three-letter abbreviations are preferred:
Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri,
and
Sat
In calendars and date picker UI controls, it's OK to use two-
letter or one-letter abbreviations:
Su, Mo, Tu, We, Th, Fr,
and
Sa
S, M, T, W, T, F,
and
S
For the three-letter and two-letter abbreviations, use
sentence-style capitalization (
Su
), not all uppercase (
SU
).
midnight, noon
Use
noon
and
midnight
. Don't use
12:00 noon
and
12:00
midnight
.
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
Midnight is the beginning of the new day, not the end of
the old one.
Months: January–December
Capitalize the names of months and their abbreviations.
Don't use abbreviations unless space is extremely limited.
Use three-letter abbreviations when necessary:
Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov,
and
Dec
Don't include a period with the abbreviations.
Seasons: autumn, winter, spring,
summer
Don't refer to seasons if you can avoid it. Talk about months
or calendar quarters instead. If you must mention a specific
season, identify the hemisphere, too. (Summer in the
northern hemisphere is winter in the southern hemisphere.)
Don't capitalize the seasons except to designate an issue of
a publication, such as
Spring 2017
.
Time, ranges of time
Use numerals for times of day: 2:00, 4:15, 7:30. Always
include
AM
and
PM
.
Include the time zone if you're discussing an event that
customers beyond the local time zone might see or attend.
In text, use
to
in a range of times.
Example
10:00 AM to 2:00 PM
In a schedule or listing, use an en dash with no spaces
around it.
Example
10:00 AM–2:00 PM
Exception
In a date range that includes two times and two dates, add
spaces around the en dash. Lead with whatever is most
important to the customer within the context: time of day or
date.
Examples
2:15 AM–4:45 PM 4/1/16 (time range on a single day)
12/1/17 2:15 PM – 4/1/18 4:45 PM (time plus date range)
Time zones: Eastern Time, Central
Time, Mountain Time, Pacific
Time, Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC), Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT)
Capitalize time zones. Don't abbreviate unless space is
severely limited. If you must abbreviate, use
ET, CT, MT,
and
PT
.
Don't specify
standard time or daylight saving time
unless
Term
Usage
you're providing information about a specific event where
that information matters.
If you're referring to a time zone as a geographical area, call
it a zone.
Example
in the Pacific Time zone
Not all time zones have names, and some time-zone names
are used in more than one geographical area. If you're
talking about a particular place, clarify the country or
reference Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Don't include
spaces around the plus sign (+) or hyphen (-).
Examples
Eastern Time (UTC-5)
Eastern Time (UTC+10)
Eastern Time (Australia)
For time zones without names, refer to the offset from
Coordinated Universal Time.
Example
UTC+7
Don't abbreviate
Coordinated Universal Time
in text unless
space is severely limited. Use
UTC,
never
CUT
. (It's OK to use
UTC in references to a specific time zone, such as
UTC+7
.)
Don't use
Universal Time Coordinate or Universal Time
Coordinated
.
Don't use
Greenwich Mean Time
or
GMT
by itself unless you
have no other choice. Use
Coordinated Universal Time
instead. On the first mention, it's OK to refer to
Coordinated
Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time)
.
Unit
Abbreviation
day, days
d
Spell out except in UI or when space is extremely tight.
hour, hours
h
microsecond
Don't abbreviate.
Abbreviating units of time
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Unit
Abbreviation
millisecond, milliseconds
ms
minute, minutes
min
month, months
mo
Spell out except in UI or when space is extremely tight.
nanosecond
Don't abbreviate.
second, seconds
sec
week, weeks
wk
Spell out except in UI or when space is extremely tight.
year, years
yr
Spell out except in UI or when space is extremely tight.
Yes
No
Keys and keyboard shortcuts
Article
•
05/12/2023
This term collection covers how to refer to keyboard shortcuts and the names of specific
keys.
For information about describing customers' interactions with UI, see
Procedures and
instructions
.
Term
Usage
keyboard shortcut,
accelerator key, fast
key, hot key, quick
key, speed key
In general, use
keyboard shortcut
to describe a combination of keystrokes
used to perform a task.
Example
Alt+Ctrl+S
Don't use
accelerator key, fast key, hot key, quick key,
or
speed key.
access key
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
keyboard shortcut
instead.
In content for developers or content about customizing the UI, it's OK to
distinguish between an
access key
and a
shortcut key
. An access key is a
letter or number that users select to access UI controls that have text
labels. For example, the
F
in Alt+F. A shortcut key is a key or key
combination that users select to perform a common action. For example,
Ctrl+V. If you use these terms, explain the difference.
Key Tip
In general, don't use in content for a general audience. Use
keyboard
shortcut
instead.
In content teaching basic skills or content for a technical audience, it's OK
to use
Key Tip
to refer to the letter or number that appears in the ribbon
when the Alt key is pressed.
key combination
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
keyboard shortcut
instead.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to distinguish between a
key
combination
(two or more keys selected simultaneously) and a
key
sequence
(two or more keys selected sequentially). If you use these terms,
explain the difference.
Keyboard actions and access
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
key sequence
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
keyboard shortcut
instead.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to distinguish between a
key
sequence
(two or more keys selected sequentially) and a
key combination
(two or more keys selected simultaneously). If you use these terms,
explain the difference.
keypad
Use
numeric keypad
on the first mention. Don't use
keypad
by itself
unless the context has been established and there's no possibility the
customer will confuse the keypad with the keyboard. When in doubt,
continue to use
numeric keypad
.
In general, don't distinguish between the keyboard and the numeric
keypad. When the customer can select two keys that look the same,
direct the customer to the correct key.
Example
Select the Minus sign on the numeric keypad, not the Hyphen key on the
keyboard.
keystroke, keypress
Don't use
keypress
. Use
keystroke
instead.
select, press, depress,
hit, strike, use
Use
select
to describe pressing a key on a physical or on-screen
keyboard. Don't use
press, depress, hit,
or
strike
.
Don't use
depressed
to describe an indented toolbar button unless you
have no other choice.
Use
use
when
select
might be confusing, such as when referring to the
arrow keys or function keys and
select
might make customers think that
they need to select all the arrow keys simultaneously.
Example
Use the arrow keys to move around the text.
Use
use
when multiple platform or peripheral choices initiate the same
action or actions within a program.
Example
Use the controls on your keyboard or controller to run through the
obstacle course.
Be specific when teaching beginning skills.
Example
To run through the obstacle course, select the Spacebar on the keyboard
or pull the right trigger on the Xbox controller.
Consider using a table to present instructions that have more than two
alternatives.
Term
Usage
Use
select and hold
only if a delay is built into the software or hardware
interaction. Don't use
select and hold
when referring to a mouse button
unless you're teaching beginning skills.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Mouse and mouse interaction
term collection
shortcut key
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
keyboard shortcut
instead.
In content for developers or content about customizing the UI, it's OK to
distinguish between an
access key
and a
shortcut key
. An access key is a
letter or number that users select to access UI controls that have text
labels. For example, the
F
in Alt+F. A shortcut key is a key or key
combination that users select to perform a common action. For example,
Ctrl+V. If you use these terms, explain the difference.
In general, use sentence capitalization for key names.
Examples
the Shift key
the Page up key
Capitalize letter keys in general references.
Example
the K key
Lowercase and bold a letter key when instructing customers to enter the letter
(unless you're instructing them to enter a capital letter).
Example
enter
k
On the first mention, you can use the definite article
the
and the word
key
with the
key name if necessary for clarity.
Example
Select the
F1
key.
On subsequent mentions, refer to the key by its name only.
Example
Select
F1
.
Key names
If you need guidance for a key name that isn't on this list, use sentence capitalization
and spell it as it appears on the keyboard.
Term
Usage
Alt
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Alt key
.
Application key
Capitalize. Use
the Application key
to refer to the key that opens a
shortcut menu containing commands related to a selection.
arrow keys, direction
keys, directional keys,
movement keys
Arrow keys are labeled only with an arrow. Refer to similar keys on
the numeric keypad as
the arrow keys on the numeric keypad
.
Use sentence capitalization to refer to a specific arrow key:
the Left
arrow key, the Right arrow key, the Up arrow key,
or
the Down arrow
key
. It’s OK to use
arrow key
as a general term for any single arrow
key. Include
the
and
key
in references to a specific arrow key except
in key combinations or key sequences.
Don’t use
direction keys, directional keys,
or
movement keys
.
Use specific names to refer to other navigational keys, such as
Page
up, Page down, Home,
and
End
.
asterisk (*), star
Use
asterisk
to refer to the * symbol.
An asterisk is used to indicate multiplication in a programming
language or as a wildcard character representing one or more
characters.
It’s OK to use
star
to refer to the key on a phone keypad.
at sign (@)
Pronounced
at
. In most cases, don’t spell out.
Back
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Back key,
which performs the same
action as the Back button in a browser.
Backspace
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Backspace key
.
backtab
Don’t use to refer to the Shift+Tab keyboard shortcut.
Break caps
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Break caps key
.
Caps lock
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Caps lock key
.
comma (,)
Spell out
comma
when referring to a key or the punctuation mark.
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
Capitalize
Comma
when instructing a reader to select the key.
Include the symbol in parentheses when needed for clarity.
Command
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Command key
on the Mac keyboard.
Use the bitmap to show this key if possible. It isn't named on the
keyboard.
Control
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Control key
on the Mac keyboard.
Ctrl
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Ctrl key
. Don’t use for the Mac
keyboard.
Del
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Del key
. On the Mac keyboard only, use
to refer to the
forward delete key
.
Delete
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
delete key
.
End
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
End key
.
Enter
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Enter key
. On the Mac, use only when
functionality requires it.
Esc
Always use
Esc,
not
Escape
.
F1–F12
Capitalize the
F
. Don't add a space between the
F
and the number.
Forward
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Forward key,
which performs the same
action as the Forward button in a browser.
Help
Use
the Help key
only to refer to the key on the Mac keyboard.
HELP key
Use
the HELP key
to avoid confusion with the Help button. Always
include
the
and
key
.
Home
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Home key
.
hyphen (-)
Spell out
hyphen
when referring to a key. Capitalize
Hyphen
when
instructing a reader to select the key. Include the symbol in
parentheses when needed for clarity.
Insert
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Insert key
.
Lock clear
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Lock clear key
.
minus sign (–)
Spell out
minus sign
when referring to a key. Use sentence
capitalization (
Minus sign
) when instructing a reader to select the key.
Include the symbol in parentheses when needed for clarity.
Num lock option
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Num lock option key
on the Mac keyboard.
Term
Usage
number sign (#), pound
key, hashtag
Use
# key
to describe the key.
It's OK to use
pound key (#),
including the symbol in parentheses, to
refer to the keypad on a telephone. It's OK to use
hashtag (#)
to
describe the use of the # key to identify a metadata term in social
media.
numeric keypad, keypad,
numerical keypad,
numeric keyboard
Use
numeric keypad
on first mention. Don't use
keypad
by itself
unless there's no possibility of confusion with the keyboard. Don't
use
numerical keypad
or
numeric keyboard
.
In general, don't distinguish between the keyboard and the numeric
keypad. If a customer can select two keys that look the same, specify
the correct key.
Example
Select the Minus sign on the numeric keypad.
on-screen keyboard,
keyboard display, soft
keyboard, virtual
keyboard, visual
keyboard
Use to describe the keyboard representation on the screen that the
customer touches to enter characters.
Hyphenate
on-screen keyboard
. Don't use
virtual keyboard, soft
keyboard, visual keyboard,
or
keyboard display
.
Page down, Page up
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Page up key
and the
Page down key
.
Pause
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Pause key
.
period (.)
Spell out
period
when referring to a key. Capitalize
Period
when
instructing a reader to select the key. Include the symbol in
parentheses when needed for clarity.
plus sign (+)
Spell out
plus sign
when referring to a key. Use sentence
capitalization (
Plus sign
) when instructing a reader to select the key.
Include the symbol in parentheses when needed for clarity.
Print screen
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Print screen key
.
Reset
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Reset key
.
Return
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Return key
on the Mac keyboard.
Scroll lock
Use sentence capitalization. Use to refer to the
Scroll lock key
.
Select
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Select key
.
Shift
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Shift key
.
Spacebar
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Spacebar
. Always precede with
the
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
except in procedures, key combinations, and key sequences.
Tab
Capitalize. Use to refer to the
Tab key
. Always use
the
and
key
except
in key combinations and key sequences.
Windows logo key
Capitalize
Windows
. Use to refer to the
Windows logo key
.
Because special character names could be confused with an action (such as +) or be
difficult to see, always spell out the following special character names:
Plus sign, Minus
sign, Hyphen, Period,
and
Comma
.
To avoid confusion, it's OK to add the character in parentheses after spelling out the
name.
Example
Plus sign (+)
Use discretion. This might not be necessary for commonly used characters, such as the
period (.).
To show a key combination that includes punctuation requiring use of the Shift key, such
as the question mark, use
Shift
and the name or symbol of the shifted key. Using the
name of the unshifted key, such as
4
rather than
$,
could be confusing or even wrong.
For example, the
?
and
/
characters aren't shifted keys on every keyboard. Always spell
out
Plus sign, Minus sign, Hyphen, Period,
and
Comma
.
Examples
Ctrl+Shift+?
Ctrl+Shift+*
Ctrl+Shift+Comma
See also
Special character term collection
Special character names
Yes
No
Mouse and mouse interaction terms
Article
•
01/25/2023
Most of the time, don't talk about the mouse, mouse actions, or the pointer unless it's
necessary to avoid confusion. Instead, talk about customer interactions with the UI. To
learn more, see
Describing interactions with UI
.
When you need to talk specifically about the mouse, mouse interactions, or the pointer,
use these terms.
Term
Usage
click
Use to describe selecting an item with the mouse by clicking the mouse once.
Don't use
click on
.
click in
Use only to refer to clicking in a general area within a page, window, or other UI
location.
double-click
Use to describe selecting an item by clicking the mouse twice in rapid succession.
Hyphenate. Don't use
double-click on
.
drag
Use to describe holding down a button while moving the mouse, and then
releasing the button. Don't use
click and drag
or
drag and drop
. It's OK to use
drop
by itself if
drag
isn't precise enough.
hover over,
point to
To describe moving the mouse pointer over an area of the UI without selecting it,
use
hover over
or
point to,
as appropriate for your audience. Use
hover
or
hovering
as the adjective and noun form.
Examples
In Microsoft Edge, when you hover over a link, the URL appears in the lower-left
corner.
The hover image is displayed when the user points to the button.
To program the pop-up action that's triggered by hovering ….
Pop-up windows that appear on hover
Don't use
mouse over
or
move the mouse pointer to.
It's OK to use
move the mouse
pointer to
in content that teaches beginning skills.
press and
hold
Use only in content that teaches beginning skills.
Mouse actions
ノ
Expand table

Term
Usage
right-click
Use to describe clicking an item by using the secondary mouse button (the right
button by default, but the user can customize this).
scroll
Use only in content that teaches beginning skills. In other content, use a phrase
such as
move through.
Term
Usage
mouse
Use
mouse
to refer to one mouse. If you need to refer to more than one mouse, use
mice.
mouse
button
Use to refer to the left mouse button. Use
left mouse button
only to teach beginning
skills or when not doing so would cause confusion. When more than one mouse
button is used in a procedure, name the least frequently used button only.
right
mouse
button
Use to refer to the secondary mouse button. By default, this is the right mouse
button. Customers who change the default understand that
right mouse button
indicates the secondary button.
wheel
button
Use to refer to the third or middle button on the mouse. Customers
rotate
the wheel
and
click
the wheel button.
When you must talk about the appearance of the pointer on the screen, include a
picture of the pointer if possible. Don't use a picture instead of the word
pointer
—use
both
.
Term
Usage
busy pointer
Use to describe the pointer when it consists only of an activity indicator.
double-headed
arrow
Use to describe how the pointer looks over a split line (
). Don't use
double-headed arrow
as a name for the pointer.
Example
When the pointer becomes a
, drag the pointer to move the split line.
Devices
ノ
Expand table
On-screen pointers
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
pointer
Use to refer to the pointer on the screen. Use
cursor
only for a technical
audience or when it's necessary to describe the point where text or graphics
will be inserted. Don't use
insertion point
.
working in
background
pointer
Use to describe the pointer when it consists of both the pointer and an
activity indicator.
Yes
No
Security terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
This section describes usage for specific security terms. For definitions of security terms,
see the
Microsoft Malware Protection Glossary
.
Term
Usage
antimalware
Use only as an adjective to describe a category of software used to detect and
respond to malicious software, such as viruses, worms, trojans, and sometimes
spyware and adware.
antiphishing
Use only as an adjective to describe practices or a category of software used
to detect and respond to phishing scams, which are attempts to trick
individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit
card numbers.
antispyware
Use only as an adjective to describe software that detects and sometimes
removes spyware.
antivirus
Use only as an adjective to describe software that detects and responds to
malware.
Use
antivirus
instead of
antimalware
to differentiate between antispyware and
other antimalware programs.
Example
Microsoft Security Essentials has both antivirus and antispyware capabilities.
black hat hacker
Consider alternatives where possible.
Examples
computer criminal
unauthorized user
malicious hacker
bullet-proof
Don’t use.
deceptive
software
Don’t use. Use
unwanted software
instead.
hacker, hack
Use
malicious hacker
to refer to an unauthorized user who accesses a system
with the intent to cause harm. If the unauthorized user’s intent isn’t known or
isn’t malicious, use
unauthorized user
.
Don't use
hacker
in content for a general audience. In general use, the term
often has negative connotations.
It’s OK to use
hack
and
hacker
in content for developers or in contexts where
ノ
Expand table
Term
Usage
positive outcomes are involved, such as hackathons.
Don’t use
hacker
to mean an amateur programmer. Don’t use
hack
to mean
improvising a solution to a programming problem unless the positive context
is well understood.
insecure
Don’t use to mean
not secure
.
lock
Don’t use to mean
protect
.
malicious code
Don’t use. Use
malware
or
malicious software
instead.
malicious user
Don’t use. Use
malicious hacker
instead.
malware,
malicious
software
Use
malware
instead of
malicious software
to describe unwanted software
installed without adequate user consent. Viruses, worms, and trojans are
malware.
If your audience might not be familiar with the term
malware,
define it as
malicious software
on the first mention.
Example
The security filter helps prevent malware (malicious software) from damaging
your computer.
spyware
Before using the term
spyware
to describe specific software, be certain the
software has been identified as spyware.
trojan horse,
trojan
In content for a technical audience, it’s OK to shorten to
trojan
.
unwanted
software
Use as a general term for spyware, adware, and similar software.
vulnerability
Don’t use to describe intentional software behavior. For example, don’t
describe trusting a domain administrator to control any other domain within a
forest as a vulnerability.
On the first mention, use a modifier to identify the type of vulnerability:
Product vulnerability is a set of conditions that violates an implied or
explicit security policy. A product vulnerability is usually addressed by a
Microsoft security bulletin or service pack.
Administrative vulnerability is the failure to observe administrative best
practices. For example, using a weak password or logging on to an
account that has more user rights than needed to perform a specific
task.
Physical vulnerability is the failure to provide physical security for a
computer. For example, leaving an unlocked computer running and
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
unattended in a public area.
After the first mention, it’s OK to use the modifier only occasionally.
For other security issues, use the most specific term that describes the issue.
Define the term if the audience might be unfamiliar with it. If no specific term
exists, use
security issue
.
white hat hacker
Consider alternatives where possible.
Example
computer security expert
Yes
No
Special characters
Use the following terms to describe special characters.
See also
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Character
Name
Notes
´
acute accent
Don't use
accent acute
.
&
ampersand
Don't use in place of
and
.
See
ampersand (&)
angle brackets
The set consists of a
left angle bracket
and a
right angle bracket
.
'
apostrophe
This is the same character as a
single quotation mark
.
See
Apostrophes
*
asterisk
It's OK to use
star
to refer to the key on a phone keypad.
@
at sign
\
backslash
See
Slashes
{ }
braces
Don't use
curly brackets
.
The set consists of an
opening brace
and a
closing brace
.
[ ]
brackets
The set consists of an
opening bracket
and a
closing bracket
.
^
caret, circumflex
Don't use
accent circumflex
.
¢
cent sign
« »
chevrons
Microsoft term, seldom used, especially in documentation. Also
called
merge field characters
in Word.
The set consists of an
opening chevron
and a
closing chevron
.
©
copyright symbol
†
dagger
°
degree symbol
ノ
Expand table
Character
Name
Notes
÷
division sign
$
dollar sign
[[ ]]
double brackets
The set consists of an
opening double bracket
and a
closing double
bracket
.
…
ellipsis
One set of three dots is called an
ellipsis
(singular). Use the plural
form
ellipses
only when you're referring to multiple sets of three
dots.
Don't add space between ellipsis dots.
See
Ellipses
—
em dash
See
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
–
en dash
See
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
=
equal sign
Don't use
equals sign
.
€
euro symbol
See
euro
!
exclamation point
Don't use
exclamation mark
.
See
Exclamation points
`
grave accent or backtick
Don't use
accent grave
.
≥
greater than or equal to
sign
>
greater than sign
This is the same character as a
right angle bracket
(used in code).
-
hyphen
See
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
"
inch mark
This is the same character as a
quotation mark
.
≤
less than or equal to
sign
<
less than sign
This is the same character as a
left angle bracket
(used in code).
−
minus sign
Don't use an en dash.
See
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
×
multiplication sign
Use an asterisk (*) or the letter
x
instead if necessary to match
software.
Character
Name
Notes
See
multiplication sign (×)
≠
not equal to sign
#
number sign, hashtag,
pound key
In general, use
number sign
instead of
pound sign
to refer to the
symbol.
In social media, use
hashtag
.
Use
pound key
when you're referring to the phone keypad button.
¶
paragraph mark
( )
parentheses
The set consists of an
opening parenthesis
and a
closing
parenthesis
.
See
parenthesis, parentheses
%
percent sign
See
percent, percentage
π
pi
|
pipe, vertical bar, or
OR
logical operator
+
plus sign
Don't use to replace words like
and
,
over
, or
plus
.
See
plus sign (+)
±
plus or minus sign
?
question mark
See
Question marks
" "
quotation marks
Don't use
quotes
or
quote marks
.
The set consists of an
opening quotation mark
and a
closing
quotation mark
.
See
Quotation marks
®
registered trademark
symbol
§
section sign
' '
single quotation marks
Don't use
single quotes
or
single quote marks
.
The set consists of an
opening single quotation mark
and a
closing
single quotation mark
.
Character
Name
Notes
See
Quotation marks
/
slash
Don't use
virgule
.
See
Slashes
~
tilde
Don't use in place of
about
or
approximately.
™
trademark symbol
_
underscore
See
underline vs. underscore
Screen readers skip over some symbols and other nonalphabetic characters without reading
them or indicating their presence. This situation can cause accessibility problems:
Users of a document or webpage lack important information.
Users of a website or web app can't determine the purpose of buttons and other UI
elements.
Be aware of this possibility whenever you write content that users will access in electronic form.
Consider the following solutions.
Whenever you can, write out the words that you mean instead of using special characters. For
example, write "1 through 10" instead of "1–10."
If you must use special characters, use the correct character for the purpose, as outlined in the
preceding table. For example, unless you must match what appears in the UI, use a
multiplication sign (×) instead of an asterisk (*) or the letter
x
to represent a multiplication
operation.
In content written in HTML or a related language (including Markdown), you can improve the
accessibility of
some
special characters by inserting a character entity reference instead of the
Accessibility considerations for special characters
General approaches
Content in HTML and related formats: Character entity
references
character itself. This type of reference begins with an ampersand (&) and ends with a
semicolon (;).
For example, for a copyright symbol, you can enter
©
instead of the symbol in your code.
A screen reader that skips over the symbol itself should read out something like "copyright" for
the entity reference, giving users information that they would otherwise lack.
However, because of the way screen readers work, the use of entity references for
all
special
characters doesn't necessarily yield a better user experience.
For UI elements, such as for a website or web app, an alternative to character entity references
is the
aria-label
attribute. This attribute is part of Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich
Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA). WAI-ARIA is a set of roles and attributes that define ways to
make web content and web applications more accessible to people with disabilities.
The
aria-label
attribute is applicable only to:
Interactive elements, such as buttons, text boxes, and checkboxes.
Images.
So-called
landmarks
, such as a page's header, footer, menu, and main content area.
It isn't intended—or widely supported—for static, non-UI textual content.
If the label text of an applicable UI element includes a special character from the preceding
table, but you're not using the specified entity reference, add an
aria-label
attribute to the
element to improve accessibility. A screen reader will then read out the attribute's value instead
of the element's label text.
The value that you provide for the attribute should give the full name of the element, including
the name of the special character as it should be read.
Assume that an app includes buttons for selecting the number of degrees to rotate an image.
The label text for these buttons must include a degree symbol (°). Here are the accessible ways
to handle this situation:
Character entity reference in label text:
UI elements:
aria-label
attributes
Example
Character in label text,
aria-label
on element:
<button aria-label="90
degrees">90°
In both cases, a screen reader should correctly read out "ninety degrees."
Last updated on 04/10/2026
Touch and pen interaction terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
Today's customer can interact with UI in a variety of ways. This section covers terms for
UI interactions done with gestures of the hand or body and tablet pen.
In general, use input-neutral terms, which support all input methods. If you're writing
content specific to touching a screen or using a pen, use
tap
and
double-tap
instead of
click
and
double-click
.
Tap
means to press the screen with a finger or pen tip and then to
lift it, usually quickly.
Learn more
For information about input-neutral terms, see
Describing interactions with
UI
.
When you need to write specifically about touch and pen UI interactions, use these
terms.
Term
Usage
tap
Use to describe selecting, opening, or activating a button, icon, or other element on
the screen with a finger or the pen by tapping it once. Don’t use
tap on
.
double-tap
Use to describe selecting, opening, or activating a button, icon, or other element on
the screen by tapping twice in rapid succession. Hyphenate. Don’t use
double-tap
on
.
tap and
hold
Use only if required by the program to achieve a specific result. Don’t use
touch and
hold
.
flick
Use to describe moving one or more fingers to scroll through items on the screen.
Don’t use
scroll
.
pan
Use to describe moving the screen in multiple directions at a controlled rate, as you
would pan a camera to see different views in the environment. For contact gestures,
use to refer to moving a finger, hand, or pen on the device surface to move
through screens or menus at a controlled rate, rather than quickly skipping through
content using the flick gesture. Don’t use
drag
or
scroll
as a synonym for
pan
.
pinch,
stretch to
zoom
Use to describe touching the screen or a UI element with two or more fingers, and
then moving the fingers toward each other (
pinch
) or away from each other (
stretch
)
to zoom the view in or out.
rotate
Use to describe putting two or more fingers on a UI element and then turning the
hand. This action rotates the item in the direction of the turn.
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Term
Usage
select
Use to describe pressing hardware buttons and keys on the keyboard (on-screen or
physical).
select and
hold
Use to describe pressing and holding an element in the UI.
slide
For touch UI, use to describe pressing and briefly dragging an element in the
direction opposite to the way the page scrolls, and then moving it to a new
location. For example, if the page scrolls left or right, the item is dragged up or
down. The item is released to relocate it.
swipe
For touch UI, use to describe a short, quick movement in the direction opposite to
the way the page scrolls. For example, if the page scrolls left or right, an item is
selected by swiping it up or down.
swipe or
slide from
the edge
Use to describe swiping a finger quickly or sliding across the screen from an edge.
This action may:
Open charms. (Swipe from the right edge.)
Open a recently used app or switch between recently used apps. (Swipe from
the left edge.)
Open another app at the same time. (Slide from the left edge without lifting
your finger, and drag the app until a divider appears. Then move the app
where you want it, and slide the divider to adjust the app.)
Show a list of recently used apps. (Slide in from the left edge without lifting
your finger, and then push the app back toward the left edge.)
Show commands for the current app, such as
New
or
Refresh
. (Swipe in from
the top or bottom edge.)
Close an app. (Slide down from the top edge without lifting your finger, and
then drag the app to the bottom of the screen.)
Yes
No
Units of measure terms
Article
•
03/05/2025
This section covers usage and abbreviations for a variety of terms related to
measurement. For other units of measure not covered here, see
The Chicago Manual of
Style
.
Use numerals for measurements of distance, temperature, volume, size, weight,
pixels, points, and so on—even if the number is less than 10. Add a zero before the
decimal point for decimal fractions less than one, unless the customer is asked to
enter the value.
Examples
3 ft, 5 in.
1.76 lb
80 × 80 pixels
0.75 grams
enter
.75
"
3 centimeters
3 cm
Insert a space between the unit of measure and the numeral, or hyphenate if the
measurement modifies a noun.
Examples
13.5 inches
13.5-inch display
8.0 MP
8.0-MP camera
Use abbreviations only with numbers in specific measurements, such as 20 MP, and
don't follow the abbreviation with a period.
Exception
Follow
in
with a period when used as an abbreviation for
inch.
Use commas in numbers that have four or more digits, regardless of how the
numbers appear in the UI: 1,093 MB.
Exceptions
For years, pixels, and baud use commas only when the number has five or more
digits:
1920 × 1080 pixels, 10,240 × 4320 pixels, 9600 baud, 14,400 baud.
Don't use commas after the decimal point in decimal fractions.
When the unit of measure is spelled out, use the singular form when the number is
1. Use the plural form for all other measurements.
Examples
0 points
0.5 points
1 point
12 points
Spell out
by
in dimensions, except for tile sizes, screen resolutions, and paper sizes.
For those, use the multiplication sign (×). Use a space before and after the
multiplication sign.
Examples
10 by 12 ft room
3" by 5" image
4 × 4 tile 8.5" × 11" paper 1280 × 1024
Category
Term
Abbreviation and usage
Distance and length
centimeters
cm
feet
ft
inches
in. (or " if space is limited). Always include a period to
avoid confusion with the preposition
in.
Hyphenate
half-inch
as an adjective. Use instead of
half an
inch
or
one-half inch.
When space is limited or the measurement needs to be
specific, use
0.5 in.
Use the abbreviated form sparingly in content that will be
translated or localized. It may be translated incorrectly as a
preposition.
kilometers
km
meters
m
miles
mi
millimeters
mm
Weight
grams
g
ノ
Expand table
Category
Term
Abbreviation and usage
kilograms
kg
ounces
oz
pounds
lb
Area
square foot
sq ft
square
meter
m
Volume
cubic foot
cu ft
cubic meter
m
Type and fonts
points
pt
UI, display
resolution, and
digital imaging
pixels
Don't use the abbreviation
px
in the context of screen or
camera resolution.
It's OK to abbreviate as
px
in content about online design
when space is limited.
Examples
48 × 48 px
The application icon should be 62 × 62 pixels and PNG
format.
pixels per
inch
It's OK to use the acronym
PPI
in content about creating
digital applications, when space is limited, and when you're
certain that readers will understand it.
Examples
72 pixels per inch
At 72 PPI, ….
megapixels
MP
Print and display
resolution
dots per
inch
It's OK to use the acronym
dpi
to refer to print and display
resolution when you're certain that readers will understand
it.
Speed and
frequency
baud
Don't abbreviate. Don't use
baud rate
—it's redundant.
When designating baud, use commas when the number
has five (not four) or more digits.
Examples
2400 baud
In 1991, 14.4 K modem had a 2400 baud.
2
3
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Category
Term
Abbreviation and usage
gigahertz
GHz. Spell out on the first mention. After that, it's OK to
use the abbreviation as a measurement with numerals.
Hertz
Hz. Spell out on the first mention. After that, it's OK to use
the abbreviation as a measurement with numerals.
Capitalize the word and the abbreviation.
kilohertz
kHz. Spell out on the first mention. After that, it's OK to use
the abbreviation as a measurement with numerals.
megahertz
MHz. Spell out on the first mention. After that, it's OK to
use the abbreviation as a measurement with numerals.
Other
degrees
° (for temperature)
deg (for angle)
dialog units
Don't abbreviate.
Example
Converting from MFC dialog units (used in resource files to
specify height/width) to pixels ….
Bits and bytes term collection
,
Numbers
See also
Yes
No
@mentions
06/30/2025
A feature that enables users to draw someone's attention to a message, comment, or calendar
meeting or event by adding the @ symbol followed by the person's name to the body of the
message or item.
When this happens, the person is automatically notified that they were mentioned.
Example
@SanjibSahu, could you look at this?
24/7
See
Date and time term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
2D, two-dimensional
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention if your audience may be unfamiliar with the term. On
subsequent mentions, use
2D
.
Always hyphenate
two-dimensional
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
3D, three-dimensional
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
3D
most of the time.
Spell out
three-dimensional
on the first mention if your audience may be unfamiliar with
the acronym. Always hyphenate
three-dimensional
.
Yes
No
8.5" × 11" paper
06/18/2025
Use instead of
8.5-by-11-inch, 8.5 × 11-inch, 8 1/2 by 11-inch,
or other ways of referring to the
paper size. Use a straight quotation mark (") to signify inches. Use a multiplication sign (×), not
the letter
x.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Abort, Abortion
Article
•
06/24/2022
Never use
abortion.
Don't use
abort
in content or user experiences for a general audience. If
abort
appears in
a UI that you can't edit, use an alternative term to describe the customer action.
Use
abort
for a technical audience only if it's part of the application programming
interface (API). Use an alternative term in comments and descriptions.
End:
use for communications and network connections.
Close:
use for apps and programs.
Stop:
use for hardware operations.
Cancel:
use for requests and processes.
Alternative Terms
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Above
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
earlier
.
Don't use as an adjective preceding a noun (
the above section
) or following a noun (
the
code above
). Use a link, or use
previous, preceding,
or
earlier.
Examples
Use the preceding code to display information about the database.
See
Installation instructions
.
See Installation instructions, earlier in this article.
See also
below
,
earlier
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Access
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use as a verb to mean
obtain access to
.
Don’t use
access
to mean
start, create,
or
open.
Use a more specific verb or phrase
instead.
Yes
No
Access Key
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Accessible
Article
•
06/24/2022
Reserve
accessible
and
accessibility
to refer to things that are easy to use for everyone,
including people with disabilities.
Don't use
accessible
as a synonym for
simple
. Use
easy to learn, easy to use,
or
intuitive.
But don't assume that what's easy for you is easy for customers. A better choice is to
refer to the specific characteristics that make something easy to use, such as a familiar
UI or simplified navigation.
Examples
Support high-contrast themes to make the app more accessible for customers who have
low vision.
Reading view sweeps distracting content out of your way, so it's easier to read what you
want.
See also
assistive
,
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Achievement
Article
•
06/24/2022
Refers to an accomplishment that's formally recognized by a game, site, or app.
Achievements are sometimes represented by a virtual badge, star, medal, or other
reward.
Use title-style capitalization for the achievement name. Lowercase the word
achievement
when it follows the achievement name.
For Microsoft games, use
achievement
only if the achievement is awarded in a player’s
Xbox Live profile. Don't use
achievement
for any other accomplishments that are tracked
by a game.
Examples
You just earned the Superstar achievement!
Take a bow—you’ve earned your Superstar.
See also
badge
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Actionable
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use unless you have no other choice.
Examples
information that you can act on
Once identified, the problem is easy to solve.
Aggregate customer data to make it easier to act on.
Aggregate customer data to make it more conducive to action.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Active Player, Active User
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
active player,
not
active user,
to refer to a person who's currently being tracked or
recognized by a motion sensor or camera.
Example
When the game ends, the active player’s score will be displayed.
Yes
No
Adapter
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Add
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe installing add-ins and add-ons. Use
remove
to describe
removing them.
Don't use
add
to refer to installing apps and programs. Use
install
instead.
See also
install
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Add-In, Add-On
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
add-in
to refer to software that adds functionality to a larger program, such as the
Skype Meeting Add-in for Microsoft Outlook.
Add-in
can also refer to a driver or to a
customer-written program that adds functionality to a larger program, such as a wizard.
Use
add-on
to refer to a hardware device, such as an external drive, that's attached to
the device.
In content for a general audience, use
add-in
and
add-on
primarily as modifiers. For
example,
add-in program
or
add-on drive
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Adjacent Selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use if you can use
multiple selection
instead. It's OK to use
adjacent selection
if you
must emphasize that the selected items are adjacent to one another.
Don't use
contiguous selection
.
See also
multiple selection
Yes
No
Administer
Use instead of
administrate
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
administrator, admin
Article
•
01/23/2018
Use
administrator, admin,
or
system administrator
unless you need to specify a particular
kind of administrator, such as a network administrator or a database administrator.
Don't capitalize
administrator
or
admin
except when referring to the
Administrator
account type. Capitalize
Administrators
only when referring to the Administrators group
in Windows security.
Examples
To log on as an administrator, you need to have a user account on the computer with an
Administrator
account type.
Limit the number of users in the Administrators group.
Yes
No
afterward
Use instead of
afterwards
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
against
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to running or building a program on a particular platform or
operating system. Use
on
instead.
It's OK to use
against
in content for a technical audience to discuss evaluating a value
against
an expression or running a query
against
a database.
Examples
Run queries on HDInsight using Hadoop, HBase, or Apache Storm clusters to extract
meaning from structured and unstructured data in Azure Storage.
Use Elastic Database jobs to run T-SQL scripts against all of the databases in an elastic
database pool.
Yes
No
AI (artificial intelligence)
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
alarm
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a general reference to a sound intended to get the customer's attention.
Use
beep
or a more specific description of the sound instead.
It's OK to use
alarm
in a specific description, such as
the low-battery alarm
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
alert
Article
•
06/24/2022
For technical audiences, it's OK to use
alert
to refer to automated messages from apps,
products, services, and websites.
For general users, don't use
alert
to refer to a system message. Use
notification
instead.
Don't use
alert
as a synonym for
reminder.
Examples
When hosting a service in the cloud, you may need to monitor and send alerts in
response to specific conditions, such as service interruptions.
To receive an alert whenever an event occurs ....
Select
Add alert
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
alias
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean an email address, account name, or distribution group name.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
allow, allows
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
allows
(or
enables
or
lets
) to describe things that Microsoft or Microsoft apps
make possible for the customer.
It's OK to use
allows
to refer to features, such as security, that permit or deny some
action or access.
In content for technical audiences, write around the use of
allow/allows
by referring to
customers in the third person, such as
the customer can
.
Examples
Windows allows a user without an account to sign in as a guest.
Microsoft Word supports saving files in HTML format.
Yes
No
allow list
An
allow list
is a list of users, accounts, or other entities allowed to access resources and other
things. It's the opposite of a
block list
.
Guidelines:
Two words.
Lowercase.
Don't use as a verb, such as
allow-list the address
. Use phrasing like
add to an allow list
or
use an allow list
.
Don't use one word (
allowlist
).
See also
block list
whitelist
blacklist
Last updated on 05/29/2026
alphabetical
Use instead of
alphabetic
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
alphanumeric
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to character sets that include only letters and numerals or to individual
characters that can be only letters or numerals.
Don't use
alphanumerical
.
Yes
No
AM, PM
See
Date and time term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ampersand (&)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
&
in place of
and
in text or headings unless you're referring to the use of the
symbol in UI.
It's OK to use
&
in content for technical audiences that covers its use in HTML or
programming languages.
Example
To display a reserved character in HTML, use a character reference, which consists of an
ampersand, the code name or number of the character, and a semicolon. For example,
use
<
or
<
to display the less than sign (<), and use
>
or
>
to display the
greater than sign (>).
See also
plus sign (+)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
and so on
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Instead, be specific. When space is limited, use
such as
or
like
followed by an
example or two.
Example
Body text is most readable in Times New Roman, Palatino, and other serif fonts. (Not
Body text is most readable in Times New Roman, Palatino, and so on.
)
Body text is most readable in serif fonts like Palatino.
Don't use
and so on
to end a phrase that begins with
for example, such as,
or
like.
It's
redundant.
Example
Body text is most readable in serif fonts, such as Times New Roman and Palatino. (Not
Body text is most readable in serif fonts, such as Times New Roman, Palatino, and so on.
)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
and/or
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use unless it helps you avoid lengthy, complex wording. Most of the time,
or
can
stand on its own.
Example
Save the document, using its current name or a new name.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
antialiasing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't hyphenate. Don't capitalize
antialiasing
unless it begins a sentence or phrase.
Don't capitalize
aliasing
in
antialiasing
.
Example
Microsoft ClearType antialiasing is a smoothing method that improves font display
resolution, compared to traditional antialiasing.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
anti-malware
Article
•
01/15/2025
Hyphenate. Use only as an adjective.
Antivirus
is often used interchangeably with
anti-malware
to describe any program that
removes malware. Use
antivirus
when you want to differentiate between antispyware
and other anti-malware programs.
Examples
Microsoft Defender contains powerful anti-malware tools to help protect your device.
Windows Defender has both antivirus and antispyware capabilities.
Anti-malware settings
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
antispyware
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as an adjective. Don't hyphenate.
Example
antispyware tools
Yes
No
antivirus
06/30/2025
Use only as an adjective. Don't hyphenate.
Antivirus
is often used interchangeably with
anti-malware
to describe any program that
removes malware. Use
antivirus
when you want to differentiate between antispyware and other
anti-malware programs.
Examples
antivirus program
Windows Defender has both antivirus and antispyware capabilities.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
app, application
Article
•
06/24/2022
If possible, refer to a product by its descriptor, such as
database management system
or
spreadsheet.
Most of the time use
app,
not
application,
to describe desktop apps and cloud apps for
tablets and mobile devices.
Global tip
The abbreviated form,
app,
isn't available in all languages, so allow enough
space for the full translated term in localized content.
For full-featured products, such as Office and Visual Studio, it's OK to use
program
instead of
application.
It's OK to use
application
in content for a technical audience, especially to refer to a set
of software files that includes executable files and other components.
Don't use
application program.
See also
add-in, add-on
applet
tool
Control Panel
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
appendix, appendices
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
appendices
as the plural form of
appendix,
not
appendixes
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
applet
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to an HTML-based program that a browser downloads temporarily to a
customer's hard drive.
Applet
is most often associated with Java.
In general, when referring to a small program, use the name of the program or the most
appropriate term, such as
item, app, program, add-in,
or
applet.
Example
A Java applet in an HTML document supports animation, music, and page updates.
See also
add-in, add-on
,
app, application
,
tool
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
application developer, app developer
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
application developer,
applications developer,
or
app developer
. Use
software
developer, web developer, developer,
or
programmer
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
application file, app file
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use the specific name of the file if you can. Otherwise, use
program file
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
application icon, app icon
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a program icon. Use the specific product name, such as
the
Word
icon,
instead. If you must use a general term, use
app icon.
It's OK to use
application icon
in content for developers when discussing programming
elements such as the
ApplicationIcon
property.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
application window, app window
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a specific product window. Use the product name, such as
the Word
window,
instead.
It's OK to use
application window
in content for developers when discussing
programming elements, such as the
WindowSize
event.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
argument vs. parameter
Article
•
06/24/2022
These terms are often used interchangeably.
Use
argument
in content for a general audience. Differentiate with
parameter
only if
necessary.
In content for a technical audience, use the same term consistently to refer to the same
kind of element. When you need to differentiate between them:
Use
argument
for a value or expression that contains data or code that's used with
an operator or passed to a function.
Use
parameter
for a value that's given to a variable and treated as a constant until
the operation is completed. For example, a date could be a parameter that's
passed to a scheduling function.
See also
Reference documentation
,
Formatting developer text elements
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
arrow
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content teaching basic skills, it's OK to use
arrow
to identify the arrow next to a list
box label. Don't use
up arrow
or
down arrow,
which refer to the arrow keys on the
keyboard.
Example
Select the
Font
arrow to display the list.
Yes
No
arrow keys
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
as well as
Don't use as a synonym for
and.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ask
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a noun. Use
request, task,
or another suitable word.
Examples
Your assigned tasks
After you submit your request, you’ll receive a confirmation email.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
assembly language
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
assembler
or
machine language
.
Hyphenate as an adjective.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
assistive
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe devices, technologies, and organizations that help people with
disabilities. Eye trackers and motion sensors are examples. Keep in mind that some
devices and organizations are useful to everyone. Refer to them as
assistive
only in
discussions about supporting people with disabilities.
Examples
(General discussion) Calibrate your motion sensor to track your body movements
correctly.
(Specific discussion) Learn about assistive technology built into Windows 10.
See also
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
assure, ensure, insure
Article
•
06/24/2022
Ensure, insure,
and
assure
are interchangeable in many situations. To improve worldwide
readability, Microsoft style makes these distinctions:
Use
ensure
to mean
to make sure
or
to guarantee
.
Use
insure
to mean
to provide insurance
.
Use
assure
to mean
to state positively
or
to make confident
.
Yes
No
asterisk (*)
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
at sign (@)
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
attribute
Don't use as a synonym for
property
.
See
property
Last updated on 07/06/2026
audiobook
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
author
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb to mean
to make something.
Instead, use a clearer verb that
accurately describes the action, such as
write, create, design, produce,
or
build.
Examples
Design mobile-optimized reports that people can access anywhere.
You don't need a runtime class if you're implementing a Windows Runtime interface for
local consumption—for example, if you're writing an app based around CoreApplication.
This article describes how to create a Transact-SQL stored procedure.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use authoring in reference to
programming languages and tools. For example, it's OK to use
authoring tools,
authoring environments,
and
authoring in XML.
It's OK to use
coauthor
and
coauthoring
to refer to people working on an Office
document simultaneously.
Example
In Word, multiple people can coauthor a document at the same time.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
auto-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
auto-,
such as
autoscale
and
autodial,
unless it's necessary to avoid confusion. When in doubt, check
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
.
Don’t create new words beginning with
auto-.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
For more information about prefixes, see
The Chicago Manual of Style
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
avg
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use the abbreviation, without a period, in UI when space is tight. Otherwise, spell
out
average.
Yes
No
back end, back-end
In content for a general audience, don't use as a synonym for
server
,
operating system
,
database
,
or
network
.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
back end
(noun) and
back-end
(adjective that
precedes a noun) if it's necessary for accuracy.
Examples
Verify that the database is sending information to the dashboard.
Create two virtual machines to use as back-end servers.
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Back Up, Backup
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a verb, one word as an adjective or a noun.
Examples
Back up your files regularly.
Schedule automatic backups.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Backbone
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. You don't need to define
backbone
in
content for a technical audience.
Yes
No
Backlight
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Backspace
One word. OK to use as a verb.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Backtab
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Instead, instruct the customer to use Shift+Tab.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Badge
Article
•
06/24/2022
A star, medal, or other virtual recognition that indicates an achievement in a game or
other program. Use title-style capitalization for a badge name. Lowercase the word
badge
.
See also
achievement
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Baseline
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
baseline
(one word) to refer to an established standard, as in
baseline data
.
Yes
No
Baud
See
Units of measure term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Beep
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
alarm
or
tone
to refer to a beeping sound.
Example
Recording begins when you hear the beep.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Below
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
later
.
Don't use as an adjective preceding a noun (
the below section
) or following a noun (
the
code below
). Use a link, or use
later
or
the
following
.
Examples
Use the following code to display information about the database.
See
Installation instructions
.
See Installation instructions, later in this article.
See also
above
,
later
Yes
No
beta
See
preview
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Bi-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don't hyphenate words beginning with
bi-,
such as
bidirectional,
bimodal,
and
bimonthly,
unless it's necessary to avoid confusion. When in doubt, check
Merriam-
Webster Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
big data
Don't capitalize.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Big-Endian, Little-Endian
Article
•
06/24/2022
It’s OK to use
big-endian
and
little-endian
in content for a technical audience.
Big-endian
refers to the method of physically storing numbers so that the most significant byte is
placed first.
Little-endian
is the opposite.
Yes
No
Billion, B
See
Numbers
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Bio
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as an abbreviation for
biography
.
Global tip
In many languages, the full term is translated because an abbreviation isn't
available. So you'll still need to allow ample space for expansion in localized text.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Bitmap
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word.
Don't use generically to refer to any graphic. Use
illustration, figure, picture,
or a similar
term instead.
Yes
No
bits per second
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Black Box
Don't use.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Black Hat Hacker
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
blacklist
Never use
blacklist
. Use
block list
instead. For more specific usage,
blocked senders list
can be
used.
Examples
Block lists
can help prevent unwanted spam. It could be useful to have a
blocked senders list
.
Last updated on 01/15/2026
blade
Don't use. See
pane
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
blank
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb to mean removing the contents of a cell in a table or sheet. Use
clear
instead.
Yes
No
block list
A
block list
is a list of users, accounts, or other entities restricted from accessing resources and
other things. It's the opposite of an
allow list
.
Guidelines:
Two words.
Lowercase.
Don't use as a verb, such as
block-list the address
. Use phrasing like
add to a block list
or
use
a block list
.
Don't use one word (
blocklist
).
See also
allow list
blacklist
whitelist
Last updated on 05/29/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
blog, blogger, blogroll, weblog
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
blog
as a noun or verb. Don't use
weblog.
Use
blogger
to refer to a person who writes or publishes entries for a blog.
Use
blogroll
to refer to a list of links to other online content, particularly blogs, that's
provided on a blog page.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
blue screen, bluescreen
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
blue screen
or
bluescreen,
either as a noun or as a verb, to refer to an
operating system that's not responding. As a verb, use
stop.
As a noun, use
stop error.
It's OK to use
blue screen
(two words) to refer to the screen display itself.
Example
The operating system stopped unexpectedly, and an error message appeared on a blue
screen.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Bluetooth
Article
•
06/06/2023
Bluetooth is a proper noun and a registered trademark. Always capitalize. Use the
registered trademark symbol (®) upon first mention.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Blu-ray Disc
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use this spelling and capitalization when talking about the disc. After the first mention,
it's OK to abbreviate to
BD
(no hyphen).
When referring to the technology (not a specific disc), it's OK to use
Blue-ray [X]
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
board
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe hardware that provides a connection between a peripheral device
and a computer. Use
card
instead.
Examples
video card
motherboard
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bold
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as an adjective, not as a noun or verb. Don't use
bolded, boldface,
or
boldfaced
.
Examples
To apply bold formatting to the selected text, select
Ctrl+B
.
The newly added parameters are displayed in bold type.
The selected text is bold.
In writing for customers, use regular type to describe type that's neither bold nor italic.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bookmark
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Use
favorite,
not
bookmark,
to refer to a saved site or webpage.
See
favorite
Yes
No
Boolean
Always capitalize.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
boot
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Use
turn on
to refer to turning on power to a device.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
boot
as an adjective, as in
boot sector
and
boot sequence
—but use
startup
instead if possible.
If the UI or API uses
boot
in a label or element name, use
boot
to refer to the label or
element name, but use
start
or
startup
to refer to the action or event described.
Examples
The Boot.ini file stores startup options.
Diagnosing and correcting problems that affect the startup process is an important
troubleshooting skill.
See also
turn on, turn off
Yes
No
bot
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bottom left, bottom right
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use except in discussions of the
BottomLeft
and
BottomRight
properties. Use
lower left
and
lower right
instead.
Hyphenate
lower left
and
lower right
as adjectives.
See also
lower left, lower-left, lower right, lower-right
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bounding outline
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe the visible element, usually a dotted rectangle, that surrounds a set of
selected elements. If necessary, use
dotted rectangle
or
dotted box
to describe the
bounding outline in content for a general audience, and then use
bounding outline
in
subsequent references.
Don't use
marquee
as a synonym.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, avoid talking about UI elements.
When you need to refer to dialog box elements by name, use
box
instead of
field
to
refer to any box except a checkbox or a list box. For a checkbox, use the complete term,
checkbox
. For an element that displays a list, such as a dropdown list box, use
list
instead
of
box
for clarity.
Examples
the
Read-Only
box
the
File Name
box
the
Hidden Text
checkbox
the
Wallpaper
list
Don't use
box
as a synonym for client and server hardware.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Formatting text in instructions
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
bps
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
breakpoint
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
broadcast
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as an adjective, a noun, or a verb. Use
broadcast,
not
broadcasted,
as the past-
tense form of the verb.
Use
webcast
to refer to a broadcast delivered on the web.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
browse
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to manually scanning internet sites or other files. To describe using the
search feature of an app, product, or service, or using an internet search engine, use
find
or
search.
It's OK to use
browse the web,
but use
browse through
a list, database, document, or
similar item.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bug fix
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. To describe the general category of fixes for an issue, use
software update
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
build
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience to mean creating things like documents,
charts, graphics, and worksheets. Use
create
instead.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
build
as a verb to mean to compile
and link code and as a noun to refer to a prerelease version.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
bulk
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, don’t use
bulk
as an adverb, such as
bulk add
or
bulk
edit,
unless the term is in the UI.
In content for a technical audience, avoid using
bulk
as an adverb to describe an action
performed on multiple objects. Try
in bulk
as an alternative.
Don’t use
bulk
in compound nouns.
Don't hyphenate.
Examples
Add multiple users at the same time.
Replace a value across a large number of fields.
Update multiple product attributes in a single operation.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
button
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, avoid talking about UI elements.
When you need to discuss UI elements, use
button
instead of
command button,
option
button,
or
action button
. If possible, refer to a button by its label only without using the
word
button
. If you need to use the word
button
for clarity,
button
is lowercase. For
example, references to an unnamed button such as
Maximize
may be clearer if you
describe it as
the
Maximize
button
.
Examples
Select a file, and then select
OK
.
To enlarge a window to fill the entire screen, select the
Maximize
button.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
by (publisher or company name)
Article
•
06/24/2022
In an online store (either in a product experience or the web), avoid including
by
in the
publisher line. For example, use
Microsoft
not
by Microsoft.
If you must include
by,
lowercase it.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
C, C++, C#
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
C, C++,
and
C#
as adjectives. Don't form hyphenated modifiers with them,
such as
C-based
or
C-callable
.
Examples
a C program
a program based on C++
built with exported functions that are callable by C
Yes
No
cable
Don't use as a verb.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cabling
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
cable
or
cables
.
In a discussion of network connections, it's OK to use
cabling
to refer to a combination
of cables, connectors, and terminators.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cache vs. disk cache
Article
•
06/24/2022
Differentiate between
cache
and
disk cache
.
Use
cache
to refer to a special memory subsystem where data values are
duplicated for quick access.
Use
disk cache
to refer to a portion of RAM that temporarily stores information
read from a disk.
Don't use
cache
or
file cache
to refer to the location of internet files that are
downloaded as you browse the web. Use
Temporary Internet Files folder
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
calendar
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Use
schedule, list,
or another appropriate verb instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
call back, callback
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a verb, one word as an adjective or a noun.
In content for developers, don't use
callback
to mean
callback function
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
call out, callout
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a verb, one word as an adjective or a noun.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
can, may
Article
•
06/24/2022
When you see
can
in your writing, consider deleting it.
Can
implies ability but not action.
Rewrite to describe the action if possible.
Example
Use the
/b
option to force a black-and-white screen.
When ability is what you need to express, it's OK to use
can
to describe actions or tasks
that the reader or program is able to do. Use
might
to express possibility. Don't use
may,
which might be interpreted as providing permission.
Don't substitute
could
for
can
unless you're referring to the past.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cancel, canceled, canceling, cancellation
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
cancel the selection
instead of
deselect
or
unmark
. Use
clear
to refer to checkboxes.
Use
cancel
to describe ending code requests and processes before they're complete.
Spell
canceled
and
canceling
with one
l,
but spell
cancellation
with two
l'
s.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
carry out vs. run
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
run,
not
carry out,
to describe actions related to commands, macros, and programs.
See also
run vs. execute
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Capitalize references to the technique for adding fonts, colors, and so on to web
content. Spell out unless the abbreviation
CSS
is familiar to your audience.
Lowercase references to style sheets created using the technique. Don't use
CSS
to refer
to a specific cascading style sheet. Instead, use
the CSS file, the cascading style sheet,
or
the style sheet.
Examples
If this is your first time working with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), don’t worry.
Use a custom style sheet to create a unique look for your SharePoint site.
It looks like there's a problem with the CSS file.
Yes
No
catalog
Use instead of
catalogue.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
category axis
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Don't hyphenate.
Refer to the
category (x) axis
on the first mention. On subsequent mentions, use
x-axis
.
It's OK to use
horizontal (x) axis
in content for a general audience.
In 3D charts, both the x-axis and y-axis are usually category axes
.
Don't use italic formatting for the
x
in
x-axis
or the
y
in
y-axis
unless the entire word is
italic.
See also
value axis
x-axis
y-axis
Yes
No
cell phone, cellular phone
Don't use.
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cellular
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
cellular phone
or
cell phone
.
It's OK to use
cellular
in the context of
cellular data network
or
cellular data connection
.
See
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
center on
Use instead of
center around.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
character set
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
code page
. A character set appears on a code page.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
chart
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb when referring to entering data for a chart. Use
plot
instead.
Use the noun
chart
instead of
graph
to refer to graphic representations of data. For
example, use
bar chart, pie chart,
and
scatter chart.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
chat
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as an adjective, a noun, or a verb in the context of internet or intranet chat. Use
voice chat
and
video chat
if necessary to avoid ambiguity.
Yes
No
chatbot
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
check, checkbox, check mark
Article
•
11/02/2023
Use
check mark
to refer to a mark placed next to an item to show it’s selected.
Use
checkbox
, not
box
or
check box
, to refer to a checkbox in UI. Avoid talking about UI
elements. Instead, discuss what the customer needs to do or what they're looking at.
Use
select
and
clear
with checkboxes, not
turn on
and
turn off,
mark
and
unmark,
check
and
uncheck,
or
select
and
deselect.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
check in
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as a verb phrase, as in
check in code
or
check in changes
. Don't use as a noun.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
child folder
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
subfolder,
subdirectory,
folder,
or the name of the folder.
Yes
No
choose
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
clear
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
click
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid this verb, which is specific to using a mouse. Instead, use verbs that work with
multiple devices, such as
select
.
It's OK to use
click
when you need to describe mouse actions specifically.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
clickstream
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't use in content for a general audience.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
clickthrough
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't use in content for a general audience.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
client
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
client
to refer to a person. Use
customer
instead.
See
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
client side, client-side
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use for a general audience. Use
client
instead.
It's OK to use
client side
in writing for a technical audience when it refers specifically to
the client part (side) of a program or protocol that acts on both a server computer and a
client computer.
Avoid using
client-side
as an adjective. If you must use it as an adjective, hyphenate it.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
client/server
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always use the slash. Capitalize both words if the context requires
client
to be
capitalized.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
clipboard
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't precede
clipboard
with
Windows
.
Material is moved or copied
to
the clipboard, not
onto
it.
Yes
No
close
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Close button
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out and capitalize the word
Close
. It's OK to use
the
Close
button
to eliminate
ambiguity in content that teaches beginning skills, but for general audiences, just use
Close
. Use bold for
Close
when you're talking about the
Close
button. If you can, use an
inline graphic of the button.
Examples
Select the
Close
button
.
Select
Close
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
cloud
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
cloud native, cloud-native
Cloud-native architecture and technologies are an approach to designing, constructing, and
operating workloads that are built in the cloud and take full advantage of the cloud computing
mode.
Guidelines:
Lowercase.
Hyphenate as an adjective that precedes a noun, as in
cloud-native app
. Don't hyphenate in
other instances.
In general, avoid
cloud native
and
cloud-native
. They might be unclear to some audiences or
come across as jargon. Use friendlier language like
cloud-first
,
cloud-based
,
cloud-optimized
,
built for the cloud
, or
built in the cloud
.
OK to use with developers and other technical audiences.
Last updated on 05/29/2026
cloud platform
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
cloud services
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
co-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
co-,
such as
coauthor
and
coordinate,
unless it’s necessary to avoid confusion. When in doubt, check
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
code page
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
character set
. A character set appears on a code page.
Yes
No
code point
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
codec
Article
•
01/23/2018
Don't spell out as
compressor/decompressor
or
coder/decoder
. Use only in content for a
technical audience or when
codec
appears in the UI.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
color map
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words when referring to the color lookup table in a video card.
Yes
No
column format
Use instead of
columnar
or
columnlike
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
combo box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Use only in content for a technical audience to describe a box in which the
user can enter or select a value. Don't use in content for a general audience. Instead,
refer to it as a
box,
using the label provided in the UI.
Use
enter
to indicate that the user can either type an item in the box or select an item in
the list. Or just say
For [Control name],
enter [value].
Examples
In the
Size
box, enter the font size you want.
For
Size
, enter a font size.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
command
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about the UI. Instead, talk about what the customer needs to
do. If you must refer to commands on menus in content for a general audience, use
command
instead of
menu item, choice,
or
option.
In content for developers about creating UI elements, it's OK to use
menu item
when
appropriate.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Formatting text in instructions
option, option button
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
command button
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. Most of the time, just refer to the button by
its UI label. In content that teaches beginning skills, use the label followed by the word
button
.
Examples
For information about the dialog box, select the
Help
button.
For information about the dialog box, select
Help
.
It's OK to use
command button
in content for developers about creating command
buttons.
Don't refer to a command button as an
action button
or
push button
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
command line, command-line
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Examples
command-line parameter
command-line tool
Customers enter commands
at
a
command prompt,
not
on
a
command line.
It's OK to use
on the command line
in the context of building apps using command-line
tools in Visual Studio.
Use
command-line program
in content for a general audience. Use
console application
only in content for a technical audience.
See also
Formatting developer text elements
command prompt
console
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
command prompt
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
C prompt, command-line prompt,
or
system prompt.
Command prompt
refers only to a prompt itself. For example,
C:>
is a command prompt.
The window in which a command prompt appears is the
Command Prompt window.
Note the capitalization.
Don't refer to the Command Prompt window as a
console window
except in content for
a technical audience.
Describe entering commands
at a command prompt,
not
on a command line
.
Example
At the command prompt, enter
certutil -setreg ca
.
See also
command line
,
console
Yes
No
community cloud
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
company vs. organization
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the term that makes the most sense for your audience.
Company
is appropriate for businesses, which don't think of themselves as
organizations.
Organization
includes schools, nonprofits, and government customers in addition to
companies.
See also
enterprise
,
org, organization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
compile
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
compile
as an adjective, as in
compile time,
or as a verb. Don't use as a
noun.
Example
After you save the file, compile your program.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
compute
Article
•
06/24/2022
It’s OK to use
compute
as a verb in content for all audiences.
In content for a technical audience, it’s OK to use
compute
to refer to computation, such
as in
compute hours
and
compute-intensive
. For a general audience, use terms such as
computing time
or
processor-intensive
.
Examples
Learn how to compute the periodic annual interest rate in Microsoft Excel.
Each Microsoft Azure compute instance represents a virtual machine.
Yes
No
computer
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
connect
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
connect, make a connection,
and similar phrases to describe attaching a computer to
a network, whether intranet or internet.
Don't use
connect
as a synonym for
sign in
or
map,
as in mapping a drive letter to a
shared network folder. But use
disconnect
to describe removing a mapped network
drive.
See also
sign in, sign out
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
console
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
console window
and
console application
only in content for a technical audience. Use
Command Prompt window
and
command-line program
in content for a general
audience.
Don't use
console
as a synonym for
snap-in
.
See also
command line, command-line
command prompt
snap-in
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
context menu
Article
•
04/12/2018
Use
context menu
only in content for developers. Make it clear that it refers to the
shortcut menu.
Examples
The
Control.ContextMenu
property gets or sets the shortcut menu associated with the
control.
Undo
,
Cut
,
Copy
,
Paste
,
Delete
, and
Select All
menu commands are included as a
standard part of the context menu for the
TextBox
control and appear on the resulting
shortcut menu.
See also
shortcut, shortcut menu
,
pop-up
Yes
No
context-sensitive
Always hyphenate.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
contiguous selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
multiple selection
instead. If it's important to emphasize that all the
selected items are adjacent to one another, use
adjacent selection
.
See also
multiple selection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
control
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, don't use
control
to refer to a UI element such as a
text box, checkbox, or list box. It's OK to use
control
to refer to adding a user-defined
control in a program.
In other contexts, it's OK to use
control
.
Examples
In the
Font
list, select the font that you want to use.
On the
Developer
tab, in the
Controls
group, click the
Rich Text
control or the
Text
control.
What can I control with Parental Controls?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Control Panel
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
Control Panel,
not
the Control Panel,
to refer to the entire Windows Control Panel
feature.
Most of the time, refer to specific, named control panels. When you must discuss control
panels generically, refer to an individual control panel as a
control panel item
(lowercase). When you must refer to the icons that represent control panels, use
control
panel icon
(lowercase). Don't use
applet, program, tool,
or
control panel
to refer to either
the icons or the items.
Use bold formatting for the names of control panel items and icons and to refer to the
Control Panel
command on the Start menu. Otherwise, don't use bold formatting.
In documentation for a technical audience, refer to
control panel home page
and
control
panel category page
(lowercase).
When referring to a control panel item’s hub page, use
main
page
.
Examples
In Control Panel, select
Network and Internet
, and then select
Internet Options
.
To open
Internet Options
, select
Start
, select
Control Panel
, and then select
Network
and Internet
.
See also
add-in, add-on
app, application
applet
tool
Yes
No
controller
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
control-menu box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid referring by name to this icon and the menu that it opens. If you must, refer to
the
icon
or the
.
Yes
No
conversation as a platform (CaaP)
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
conversational user interface (CUI)
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
-core
Article
•
06/24/2022
Hyphenate adjectives formed by adding
-core
in reference to types of processors.
Example
single-core, dual-core, and multi-core processors
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
corrupted
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid. Try to use a more empathetic statement to describe a file or data that has been
damaged. Better yet, offer help in fixing it if possible. Don't use
corrupt
.
Example
Looks like something's wrong with that file. Do you want to try to repair it?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
country or region
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
country
for list headings, descriptions, and other contexts that might
include named dependencies or disputed territories. In general discussions, use just
country.
Don't use
geography
or
geo
as a synonym for
country
or
country or region.
Examples
This product isn't available in some countries.
Enter your country or region.
It's OK to use
country/region
where space is limited. Capitalize both words if the context
requires
country
to be capitalized. For example, if
country/region
is used as a label in a
form, capitalize as
Country/Region.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
crash
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use.
Use
fail
for disks or other hardware, or
stop responding
for programs or the operating
system.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cut, cut-and-paste
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
cut:
As a verb, even to refer to an action involving the
Cut
command. Use
delete
instead.
As a verb to describe temporarily moving text to the clipboard. Use
move
or
copy
instead.
As an imperative verb in procedures involving the
Cut
or the
Delete
command. Use
delete
instead.
As a noun to refer to the action of the
Delete
command. Use
deletion
instead.
It's OK to use
cut-and-paste
as an adjective.
Don't use
cut-and-paste
or
cut-and-replace
as a noun or verb. Use
delete
instead. It's OK
to use
paste
by itself.
Examples
Select
Cut
to delete the selected text.
Select the text you want to delete, and then select
Cut
.
Select
Cut
to move the selected text to the clipboard.
Delete the text and paste it somewhere else.
Cut-and-paste capabilities are available across most Windows devices.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
cyber-
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t hyphenate words that begin with
cyber,
such as
cybersecurity,
cyberspace,
and
cyberattack
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dark mode
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase, two words.
Dark mode
is a display setting that changes the interface from a bright background
color to a darker color. This setting can be easier on the eyes in lower-light
environments and for people who prefer interfaces that aren’t as bright.
Examples
Use
dark mode
to reduce eye strain.
Turn on
dark mode
automatically at sunset.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
data, datum
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
data
as both a singular and plural noun. Don't use
datum.
Always use
data
with a singular verb, even if you're talking about more than one data
set. Don't use
the data are.
Lowercase
data
unless it's at the beginning of a sentence or phrase.
Examples
The data shows that 95 percent of users prefer a graphical interface.
The data gathered so far is incomplete.
These facts contradict earlier data.
See also
big data
Yes
No
data binding
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
data record
Don't use. Use
record
instead
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
database
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
datacenter
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
datagram
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
datasheet
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
deaf or hard-of-hearing
See
Accessibility term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
debug
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only in the context of software development. Don't use as a synonym for
troubleshoot
.
Yes
No
deceptive software
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
decrement
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only in content for a technical audience.
As a verb, use only to refer to decreasing an integer count by one. Don't use as a
synonym for
decrease
.
It's OK to use
decrement
as an adjective when discussing decrement operators and
values.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
default
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb.
Examples
If you don't choose a template, Normal.dot is applied by default.
This value specifies the number of sheets to add. The default is one sheet.
Yes
No
defragment
Don't abbreviate to
defrag
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
deinstall
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use except to reference the term when it appears in the UI or an API. Don't use
deinstall
to refer to the related action. Use
remove
instead.
Example
The
DeInstall
method removes the specified network component from the operating
system.
See also
uninstall
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
delete
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe the results of using the
Delete
or
Cut
command, such as
moving files to the
Recycle Bin
in Windows, moving items to the Deleted folder in
Outlook, and moving items to the clipboard. Use
delete
to describe these actions even if
the customer uses a different method, such as by dragging a file to the
Recycle Bin
or
using the
Cut
command.
Use
delete
to refer to actions that result from pressing the Delete or Backspace key on
the computer, such as deleting selected text.
Don't use
delete
as a synonym for
remove
. Don't use
cut
or
erase
as a synonym for
delete
.
Examples
Delete the second paragraph.
Delete MyFile.txt from the Windows folder.
Remove the
Size
column from the Inbox.
See also
cut, cut-and-paste
,
remove
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
perimeter network
instead. On the first mention, it's OK to say:
perimeter network (also known as
DMZ, demilitarized zone,
and
screened subnet
)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
deprecated
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid in content for a technical audience.
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
obsolete
or another appropriate word.
Yes
No
depress, depressed
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
deselect
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
clear
for checkboxes and
cancel the selection
for other UI elements.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
desktop
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to the work area on the Windows screen. Refer to the desktop as
client area
only in content for a technical audience and only if necessary.
It's OK to use
desktop
when it's necessary to distinguish the core version of an app from
its variations.
Example
The feature is available on the Outlook desktop, Outlook on the web, and Outlook.com.
See also
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
destination
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use a more precise term, such as
website
or
folder,
to describe an end point, such as the
location reached when a customer clicks a link, the folder to which a file is copied or
moved, or the document in which a linked or embedded object is stored. Use
destination
as a modifier only if necessary for clarity.
Don't use
target
as a synonym.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
destination drive, destination file
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid. If you can, use more specific language, such as
copy the file to OneDrive.
Don't
use
target drive
or
target file
.
Yes
No
device
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
device driver, driver
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
device driver
only in the context of a driver development kit (DDK) or in a general
discussion about installing peripheral devices. If you're referring to a driver for a specific
device, refer to the driver for that device, such as
mouse driver
or
printer driver
.
In content for a general audience, define
driver
on the first mention.
See also
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
DevOps
Note spelling and capitalization.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dialog box, dialog, dialogue
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about UI. Instead, talk about what the customer needs to do.
When you need to refer to a dialog box, use
dialog
. Don't use
pop-up window
,
dialog
box
, or
dialogue box
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dial-up
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as an adjective (as in
dial-up connection
), not as a noun or verb. Always
hyphenate.
Use
dial
as the verb to refer to placing a call or using a dial-up device.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
different
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
different
to mean
many
or
various
.
In comparisons, use
different from
most of the time. Use
different than
only when
than
is
followed by a clause. Don't use
different to
.
Examples
The result of the first calculation is different from the result of the second.
If the result is different from the result that you expected, verify that you entered your
data correctly.
Make sure comparative statements that use
different
are parallel. Read them carefully to
make sure they mean what you intended.
Example
The result of the first calculation is different from the result of the second.
Sentences that use
different than
are often difficult to read, even if they're grammatically
correct. They work best when the clauses on both sides of the comparison are balanced
and parallel. If it's difficult to make them parallel, consider rewriting.
Example
The regional setting doesn't match the language of the localized version of the
operating system.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dimmed
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, talk about the actions that customers should take rather than
describing UI.
Don’t use to describe commands or options that are in an unusable state—use
not
available
or
isn’t available
instead. It’s OK to use
appears dimmed
if you must describe
their appearance. Use
shaded
to describe the appearance of checkboxes that represent a
mixture of settings.
Examples
The command isn't available until you select text.
If the option appears dimmed, it's not available.
Selected effects appear shaded.
See also
disable, disabled
,
unavailable
Yes
No
direction keys
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
directory
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, use
folder
instead. Use
directory
only in content for developers when
you need to refer to the structure of the file system or to match the API.
Don't use
directory icon.
See also
folder
Yes
No
disable, disables, disabled (functionality)
In descriptions of product functionality, avoid
disable
,
disables
, and
disabled
to prevent an
association with accessibility terms.
Don't use
disable
to describe making a feature, setting, command, or function available, unless
you need to match the UI. Use
turn off
.
Don't use
disabled
to describe the state of a feature, setting, command, or function, unless you
need to match the UI. Use
off
,
turned off
, or
not available
.
In UI, avoid using
Enable
/
Disable
as labels for a toggle that controls availability. Use
On
/
Off
, if
those words are accurate for the feature or capability. Or use more specific words, such as
Show
/
Hide
,
Add
/
Remove
, or
Allow
/
Block
.
Example
If the command prompt isn't available, your network administrator might have turned off this
feature.
See also
Accessibility term collection
turn on, turn off
disabled (person)
unavailable
enable, enables
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
disabled (person)
Article
•
05/22/2023
Don’t use
disabled
to refer to people with disabilities, unless you know that a specific
audience prefers otherwise. Use
person with a disability
or a more specific, people-first
term like
person with low vision
.
For more details on exceptions to this guideline, see
Accessibility term collection
See also
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
Yes
No
disc
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
disjoint selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use except in content for a technical audience, and only if the term appears in the
UI or API.
If you need to describe nonadjacent selected items, use
multiple selection
or list the
specific items.
See also
multiple selection
Yes
No
disk
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
drive resource
Article
•
10/16/2024
Use to refer to a drive or part of a drive shared on a server.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
disk space
Article
•
10/16/2024
In general, avoid. Use
storage
or
storage space
to refer to available capacity on a drive.
When referring to storage in a partition of space, mention it specifically and use
drive
instead of
disk
.
Example
Storage in local drive (C:)
See also
storage, storage space
Yes
No
display
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
display adapter, display driver
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
video card
and
video driver
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
DNS
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out as
Domain Name System,
not
Domain Name Server.
When discussing the DNS
networking protocol, spell out
Domain Name System
on the first mention. When
discussing the Windows DNS feature, don't spell out
DNS.
The Windows feature is
DNS,
not
DNS Server
or
Microsoft DNS Server.
If you must
emphasize that you're referring to the Windows feature and not to the networking
protocol, mention Windows.
Don't use
dynamic DNS
or
DDNS.
A DNS server (lowercase
s
) is a computer that's running DNS server software. DNS
Server (capital
S
) is the Windows service that appears in the Computer Management
console. In general, refer to the service only in a discussion about stopping and starting
it.
A DNS client (lowercase
c
) is a client of a DNS server. DNS Client (capital
C
) is the
Windows service that appears in the Computer Management console. In general, refer
to the service only in a discussion about stopping and starting it.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
document
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use for text files, such as files created in Word.
To refer to any editable file located in a folder, use a more specific word, such as
workbook, presentation,
or
database,
if you can. Precede the descriptive word with a
product name, such as
PowerPoint presentation,
when you need to distinguish a file
created in a certain product from files created in other products.
Use
file
for more general uses, such as
file management
or
file structure,
or references to
files of mixed types.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
domain
Article
•
06/24/2022
Domain
has different meanings in database design, Windows, and internet addresses.
Define the term on the first use, if necessary, to make sure the meaning is clear.
Yes
No
dot-com
Don't use.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dotted rectangle
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only if you need to describe the appearance of the element that a customer drags
to select a region on the screen. Otherwise, use
bounding outline
(not
marquee
) instead.
See
bounding outline
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
double buffering
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun.
Hyphenate as an adjective.
Don't use as a verb. Instead, use a phrase such as
uses double buffering.
Yes
No
double-click, double-clicking
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
downgrade
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only if necessary to express the concepts of downgrade rights, downgrading
licenses, downgrading products, downgrading files, and similar subjects. Use only in
content for an audience that will understand your use of the word in those contexts.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
download
Article
•
10/19/2022
Use
download
to describe the intentional transfer of data and files to a system or device.
Use
install
to describe adding apps, hardware, and drivers to a device.
When you use
download
as a verb, describe what the customer is transferring
and
where
the customer is transferring it
to.
Don't use
download
to describe the process of opening, viewing, or switching to a
webpage.
It's OK to use
download
as a noun to describe data or a file that's available for
downloading or that has been downloaded.
In your writing, make sure it's clear whether
download
is used as a noun or verb.
Examples
Install the app.
To learn more about integrating data security across your enterprise, download the
poster to your device.
See also
install
load
upload
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
drag, drag and drop
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
drag and drop
except as an adjective to describe behavior that a programmer
puts in a program, such as
drag-and-drop editing
or
drag-and-drop feature
. Use
move
or
drag
instead.
Don't use
click and drag.
It's OK to use
press and drag
to teach mouse techniques in
content that teaches beginning skills.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
drill down, drill up, drill through
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
drill down, drill up,
and
drill through
in content about data and the reports
generated from them.
Two words as a verb. Hyphenate
drill-down
and
drill-up
as adjectives. Note that
drillthrough
as a noun or an adjective is one word, no hyphen.
Examples
If you have grouped items in your PivotTable, you can drill down on a group name.
Then, you can drill back up to analyze summary data.
Using drill-down and drill-up actions, you can expand and collapse sections within a
report to find the data that interests you the most.
If you add the ability to drill through on an existing mining model, the model must be
reprocessed before you can drill through to the data.
Use a drillthrough query to retrieve details from the underlying cases or structure data.
Drillthrough is useful if you want to see additional details from the case data.
Don't use to mean following a path (such as folders) or giving something further
examination.
Example
Microsoft MVPs joined an in-depth discussion about Azure security management
solutions.
Yes
No
drive
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
drive name
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
drive specification, designator,
or
designation
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dropdown
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, avoid talking about UI elements. Instead, describe what the customer
needs to do. If you must refer to a
dropdown
menu or list, it’s OK to use
dropdown
as an
adjective. Avoid using
dropdown
as a noun. (Like as a UI label:
Dropdowns
.)
Examples
Pick from the options in the dropdown list.
Use the dropdown menu to find the category you want.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
,
Computer and
device term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
DVD
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't spell out
DVD
. If you refer to a DVD as a
disc,
use the correct spelling.
Most of the time, use
DVD
by itself. If you need to be specific, it's OK to use
video DVD,
audio DVD, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RAM,
or
DVD-RW.
Refer to the drive for a DVD as the
DVD drive,
not the
DVD player
.
Don't use
DVD disc,
DVD-ROM disc,
or other redundant phrases.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
dynamic-link library (DLL)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention unless you're positive that your audience knows the term.
On subsequent mentions, use the abbreviation
DLL
. Use
.dll
(lowercase with a period) to
refer to the file name extension.
Don’t use
dynalink
.
Yes
No
dynamic service capacity
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e.g.
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
for example, such as,
or
like,
as appropriate.
Examples
There are some legitimate business reasons for spoofing—for example, an assistant
might need to send email for another person within your organization.
The template can work for different environments, such as testing, staging, and
production.
Learn how to use infrastructure automation tools, like Packer and Azure Automation, to
manage Azure virtual machines.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
earlier
Article
•
06/24/2022
If possible, use a hyperlink to help users find information elsewhere in the content. If
you can't use a link, use
earlier, preceding,
or
previous
instead of
above
to mean earlier in
a piece of content.
Use
or earlier
or
previous
instead of
or lower
to refer to all versions of a product that
precede a particular release if the statement is accurate for all preceding releases. For
example, don't use
Windows 10 or earlier
unless the statement is accurate for Windows
1.0.
Example
You can open files created in previous versions of Microsoft Visio. (If you can open files
in every version of Visio including and previous to the version being discussed.)
See also
later
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-book
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Don't use
ebook
or
eBook.
Use
E-book
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. In uncommon situations where
title-style capitalization is required, use
E-Book
.
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-commerce
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Don't use
ecommerce
or
eCommerce
.
Use
E-commerce
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. In uncommon situations
where title-style capitalization is required, use
E-Commerce
.
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-discovery
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Don't use
ediscovery
or
eDiscovery.
Use
E-discovery
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. In uncommon situations
where title-style capitalization is required, use
E-Discovery
.
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No
edutainment
Don't use.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
e-form, form
Don't use
e-form.
Use
form
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
either/or
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use a complete phrase, such as
either close the document or close the
program
.
Yes
No
elastic service capacity
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-learning
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Don't use
elearning
or
eLearning.
Use
E-learning
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. In uncommon situations
where title-style capitalization is required, use
E-Learning
.
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ellipsis button
Article
•
06/24/2022
The name of the ellipsis button varies, based on the result of using it.
On the first mention, provide a graphic of the button or include (…) after the button
name. On subsequent mentions, use the graphic rather than the words.
Don't capitalize
ellipsis
when used as a button name.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
email
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer generically to an electronic mail program, to refer collectively to email
messages, or to refer to individual email messages. If necessary to distinguish these
meanings, use
email message
or
message
to refer to an individual piece of email. Make
sure it's clear that you're not referring to instant messaging. After you have established
the context of electronic mail, it's OK to use
mail
instead of
email
.
It's OK to use
email
as a verb.
Global tip
In some languages, the translation of
email
is different for noun and verb
forms. If you use
email
as a noun, provide enough context that localizers can identify its
role in the sentence. For example, write
send an email,
which positions
email
after a verb
and an article, where a noun is expected. In contrast,
Email
used by itself as a heading
could be a noun or a verb.
Use
Email
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. Never hyphenate
email
or
capitalize the
m.
Examples
You have two new emails.
Scroll through email to find the message you want to read.
You have new mail.
Email us your comments.
See also
message
Yes
No
embed
Use instead of
imbed
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
emoji, emoticons
An
emoji
(plural
emoji
) is a small image that represents an emotion, concept, or object.
Examples include
😀
and
☹
️
.
An
emoticon
is a combination of keyboard characters that expresses an emotion or attitude.
Examples include :) for a smiling face and :( for a frowning face.
In social media posts and informal communications, emoji and emoticons add personality and
can help communicate meaning and tone.
Use emoji instead of emoticons. Emoji are better for accessibility because:
Every emoji has a type of alt text that screen readers can read out to users.
Screen readers don't interpret the combination of characters in an emoticon. Instead, they
try to process the characters literally, ignore them, or indicate their presence only through
a pause.
However, not all screen readers support emoji. Always ensure that your intended meaning and
tone get across without them.
Follow these guidelines to use emoji in a way that's effective, positive, and accessible:
Don't use emoji in content that's related to a serious topic. They might make the topic
seem unserious or trivial.
Don't use emoji in place of words.
Don't use emoji in the middle of a sentence. Put them at the end of the sentence. Even
better, put them at the end of the paragraph, message, or post.
To keep emoji from losing their impact, don't overuse them.
A general rule is to use a maximum of three emoji per message or post. Use a maximum
of three emoji in a row, and always put a space between them.
Don't use emoji at the beginning of consecutive lines to simulate bullets in a list.
Don't embed emoji (or emoticons) in images.
General guidelines for emoji use
Don't use emoji in profile names.
Limit yourself to popular emoji that are widely recognized and understood
. Avoid
ambiguous and obscure emoji.
Ensure that the literal and figurative meanings of an emoji reflect your intended
meaning
. The literal meaning of every emoji is provided by a string that's called the
Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) short name
or
Unicode name
. Screen readers use
this name as alt text.
In addition to its literal meaning, an emoji might have one or more figurative meanings.
Make sure that both types of meaning are consistent with what you're trying to convey.
Tip
You can find the CLDR short name for every emoji on sites such as
Unicode.org
and
Emojipedia.org
.
Consider potential cultural and diversity implications, and avoid any emoji that might
be inappropriate
. The connotations of an emoji can vary across cultures and
communities. What one group considers innocent, friendly, or humorous might be
offensive to another group. To learn more, see
Bias-free communication
and
Global
communications
.
Note
Emoji (and emoticons) might be removed from localized versions of your content.
When you feel you can, use the standard version of emoji
. Custom emoji that represent
different skin tones are great for inclusiveness, but they can have longer alt text and take
longer for screen readers to read.
Use emoji that work across devices
. The appearance of an emoji can vary across
platforms and devices. Websites such as
Emojipedia.org
show the variations of each
emoji. Avoid emoji that might appear to users in a form that changes or undermines your
intended meaning.
Last updated on 04/10/2026
Guidelines for choosing emoji
enable, enables, enabled
Avoid using
enables
(or
allows
or
lets
) to refer to things that technology makes possible for the
customer. Rewrite to focus on what's important or possible from the customer's point of view. For
example, use "Write, draw, and take notes on webpages by using Microsoft Edge" instead of
"Microsoft Edge enables you to write, draw, and take notes on webpages."
Don't use
enable
to describe making a feature, setting, command, or function available, unless
you need to match the UI. Use
turn on
.
Don't use
enabled
to describe the state of a feature, setting, command, or function, unless you
need to match the UI. Use
on
,
turned on
, or
available
.
In UI, avoid using
Enable
/
Disable
as labels for a toggle that controls availability. Use
On
/
Off
, if
those words are accurate for the feature or capability. Or use more specific words, such as
Show
/
Hide
,
Add
/
Remove
, or
Allow
/
Block
.
Example
After your administrator turns on the feature, verify that the button is available.
See also
disable, disables, disabled (functionality)
turn on, turn off
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
end
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe stopping communications and network connections. Use
close
for apps and programs.
Example
To end your server connection, go to
Tools
and select
Disconnect Network Drive
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
endline
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
endpoint
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
End-User License Agreement (EULA)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
Microsoft Software License Terms
.
See also
Microsoft Software License Terms
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ensure, insure, assure
Article
•
06/24/2022
Ensure, insure,
and
assure
are interchangeable in many situations. To improve worldwide
readability, Microsoft style makes these distinctions:
Use
ensure
to mean
to make sure
or
to guarantee
.
Use
insure
to mean
to provide insurance
.
Use
assure
to mean
to state positively
or
to make confident
.
Yes
No
enter
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
enterprise
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
enterprise
for an IT pro or developer audience to mean a
large company
or
corporation
. Use as an adjective if possible, as in
enterprise computing
or
enterprise
deployment,
rather than as a noun to mean
corporation
.
Don't use in content for a general audience.
See also
company vs. organization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
entry field
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a text-entry field. Refer to the box by its label. If you must use a
descriptor, use
box
.
It's OK to use
entry field
in a database context.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
environment variable
Article
•
06/24/2022
An
environment variable
contains configuration information that can be referenced by
anything in the environment.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
erase
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
delete
unless the app requires it, as in Paint.
See also
delete
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-sports
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Don't use
esports
or
eSports.
Use
E-sports
at the beginning of a sentence or heading. In uncommon situations where
title-style capitalization is required, use
E-Sports.
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
et al.
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use except in a citation that includes three or more authors. Use
and others
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
etc.
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Instead be specific. When space is limited, use
such as
or
like
followed by an
example or two.
Examples
Body text is most readable in Times New Roman, Palatino, and other serif fonts. (Not
Body text is most readable in Times New Roman, Palatino, etc.
)
Body text is most readable in serif fonts like Palatino.
Yes
No
Feedback
euro
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase.
Plural:
euros
Symbol: €
In US content, place the euro symbol in front of the amount. Different locales might
place the euro symbol elsewhere, as appropriate. A euro is divided into 100
cents.
When
expressing an amount in euros and cents in US content, use a decimal point. Different
locales might use a decimal point or a comma, as appropriate.
Example
€3.50
Use
supports the euro currency standard
to refer to a country's use of the euro.
Use the following phrases to refer to countries that have adopted the euro as their
currency:
European Union (EU) members trading in euros
European Union (EU) members that have adopted the euro
euro nations
members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
Use references to the EMU cautiously. Some people aren't familiar with the organization.
Note
On subsequent mentions, it's OK to use the abbreviations
EU
and
EMU.
It's also OK
to refer to EU members as
EU member states
and to EMU members as
EMU member
states.
Use
non-euro nations
to refer to EU member states that haven't adopted the euro as
their currency.
The terms
euroland
and
eurozone
are OK to use on websites with an informal tone.
Don't use these terms in product documentation or other formal contexts, especially if
the content will be localized.
See also
Currency
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
e-words
Article
•
08/26/2024
Don't create new words with
e-
(for
electronic
).
It's OK to use e-words, such as
e-book
and
e-commerce,
that are included in this guide
and in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
Almost all e-words are hyphenated.
Email
is an exception.
Lowercase the
e
in body text, and capitalize the
E
at the beginning of a sentence or a
heading. The letter following the hyphen is capitalized only when title-style
capitalization is required, which is rare in Microsoft content.
Examples
(Sentence-style capitalization) E-commerce and security
(Title-style capitalization) Strategic E-Commerce Systems and Tools for Competing in the
Digital Marketplace
See also
Capitalization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
executable, .exe
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
executable
and
.exe
as adjectives, not nouns. Use
an,
not
a,
as the article preceding
.exe:
an .exe file.
Examples
an executable program
the .exe file
Use
executable file
only in content for a technical audience. For a general audience, use
program file
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
execute
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use except to follow the UI. Use
run
instead. Even if the UI includes
execute,
the
action is
run
. Always use
run
in the context of macros and queries.
Examples
To run the program, select
Execute
.
Commands are run in the order in which they're listed in the file.
A thread is the basic unit of program execution.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
exit
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe closing an app or program.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
expand, collapse
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe a customer action that displays more or fewer subentries in a folder or
outline.
Example
To expand the folder, select the plus sign (+).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
expose
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content about UI. Use
make available,
display,
or a similar term.
It's OK to use
expose
in content about object-oriented programming technologies, such
as the Component Object Model (COM), to describe making an object's services
available to clients.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
extend
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
extend
instead of
grow
to refer to extending a selection.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
extension, file name extension
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
file extension
.
Examples
the .bak extension
the .bak file name extension
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
fail
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, use only to refer to disks and other hardware. Use
stop responding
to refer to programs or the operating system.
It's OK to use
fail
in content for a technical audience to describe an error condition. For
example, E_FAIL is a common return value in COM programs. A function that returns
E_FAIL has failed to do something.
Example
Back up your files to safeguard them against loss if your hard drive fails.
See also
stop, stop responding
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
fail over, fail back, failover, failback
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a verb, one word as an adjective or a noun. Don't use in content for a
general audience.
Examples
failover cluster
a planned failover
Follow these instructions to fail back your servers after they've failed over to Azure.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
FALSE
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for developers, use all uppercase to refer to a return value, or follow the
capitalization used in the specific programming language.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
family
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
line
to refer to a set of related Microsoft products or services.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Far East
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to the geographic region of East Asia. Use
East Asia
or
Asia
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
far-left, far-right
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
leftmost
or
rightmost
instead.
Accessibility tip
Don't use directional terms (
left, right, up, down
) as the only clue to
location. Individuals with cognitive disabilities might have difficulty interpreting them, as
might people who are blind and use screen-reading software. It's OK to use a directional
term if another indication of location, such as
in the
Save As
dialog box, on the
Standard
toolbar,
or
in the title bar,
is also included. Directional terms are also OK to use when a
sighted user with dyslexia can clearly see a change in the interface as the result of an
action, such as a change in the right pane when an option in the left pane is selected.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
favorite
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to a webpage or site the customer may want to return to later in Microsoft
Edge or Internet Explorer. Customers save favorites to the Favorites menu. Use
lowercase when referring to a favorite website, and capitalize the menu name. Avoid
using as a verb.
Examples
Select
Add to favorites
to add a website to the
Favorites
menu.
Go to the
Favorites
menu to see your list of favorite websites.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
fax
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Abbreviation for
facsimile
. It's OK to use
fax
as an adjective (
fax machine
,
fax
transmission
), as a noun (
your fax arrived
), or as a verb (
fax a copy of the order
).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
field
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a text-entry box. Refer to the box by its label. If you must use a
descriptor, use
box
instead of
field
.
It's OK to use
field
to refer to Word field codes, in a database context, and in other
technical contexts.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
file
Article
•
06/24/2022
Try to use a more specific term, such as
document
(Word),
workbook
(Excel), or
presentation
(PowerPoint).
It's OK to use
file
to discuss units of storage or file management or to refer to files of
mixed types.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
file attributes
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use lowercase for file attributes such as
hidden,
system,
read-only,
and
archive
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
File Explorer
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
Windows Explorer.
Don't use an article, such as
the,
to precede
File
Explorer.
Don't shorten to
Explorer.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
file name
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as an adjective or a noun when referring to the name of a file. Don't
hyphenate.
Usually one word when referring to a programming term, such as the
FileName
property.
Example
Set the
FileName
property before you set an initial file name.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
file name extension, extension
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
file extension
.
Examples
the .bak extension
the .bak file name extension
Yes
No
finalize
Don't use. Use
finish
or
complete
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
find and replace
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
find
and
replace
as separate verbs, not as a single verb phrase. Don't use
find and
replace
or
find-and-replace
as a noun or an adjective.
Examples
Find the word
gem,
and replace it with
diamond
.
Search through your document, and replace
cat
with
dog
.
Don't use
global
to describe finding and replacing. Use
all instances
or
all occurrences
instead.
Examples
Find all occurrences of the word
gem,
and replace it with
diamond
.
Search through your document, and replace all instances of
cat
with
dog
.
Use
find characters
and
replacement characters
to describe what the customer enters
into a find or replace box.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
first line, first-line
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Examples
The XML declaration typically appears as the first line in an XML document.
Help your first-line workers to perform more efficiently.
Yes
No
fitness band
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
fixed disk
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
flick
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
flush, flush to
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, don't use
flush, flush to, flush left,
or
flush right
to
describe text alignment. Instead, use
even, left-aligned,
or
right-aligned,
as appropriate.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
flush
as a verb, for example,
flush the
buffer
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
flyout
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use in content for a general audience. Instead, describe what the customer needs
to do.
It’s OK to use
flyout
as an adjective in content for a technical audience if you need to
describe a transient UI element that displays settings or information related to what the
customer is doing.
Examples
flyout menu
flyout message
flyout control
Avoid using
flyout
as a noun (for example, “the flyout appears”). Don’t use as a verb (for
example, “the menu will fly out”).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
folder, folder icon
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, try not to talk about UI. Instead, talk about what the customer should do.
In content about Windows, use
folder
to refer to a container for files and other folders.
Use
directory
only in content for developers when you need to refer to the structure of
the file system or to match the API. For MS-DOS, use
directory
.
Use
folder icon
to describe the visual representation of a folder. Don't use
directory icon.
Note
Not all folders contain files or other folders. For example, the Printers and Control
Panel apps are also folders. Describe the nature of the folder, if necessary.
In instructions, use bold formatting for the folder name if you're directing the customer
to select, type, or otherwise interact with the name.
Examples
You can find the file on your hard drive in C:\Windows\System\Color.
You can find the file on X:\Windows\System\Color.
You can find the file in the Color folder.
The system files are in the System subdirectory in the Windows directory.
Select the
Windows
folder.
Select
Documents
, and then select the file you want.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
following
In text that introduces art, a code block, a list, or a table, you can use
the following
,
this
(for one
item) or
these
(for multiple items), followed by a noun. Don't use
below
.
Examples
The following table compares the rates.
The administrator has these permissions:
See also
earlier
later
Lists
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
font, font style
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
font,
not
typeface,
for the name of a typeface design such as Times New Roman or
Segoe UI.
Use
font style,
not
type style,
to refer to the formatting, such as bold, italic, or small caps,
and
font size,
not
type size,
for the point size, such as 12 points or 14 points.
When referring to bold formatting, use
bold,
not
bolded, boldface,
or
boldfaced.
When
referring to italic formatting, use
italic,
not
italics
or
italicized
.
Example
Select the bold characters, and then select
Bold
to remove bold formatting.
In writing for customers, use
regular type
to describe type that's neither bold nor italic.
For information about when to use various font styles, see
Text formatting
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
foo, foobar, fubar
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
fubar
.
Don't use
foo,
foobar,
or related words in content for a general audience. It's OK to use
these words as placeholders or variable names in content for a technical audience, but if
you can, use another placeholder instead, such as
Example.exe
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
footer
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content related to word-processing and publishing apps, use instead of
bottom
running head
or
running foot
when discussing page layout. It's OK to use
running foot
as
a synonym in keyword lists.
See also
header
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
foreground program
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a technical audience, use instead of
foreground process
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
format, formatted, formatting
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
format
to refer to the overall layout or pattern of a document.
Use
formatting
or
formatted
to refer to specific character formatting, paragraph
formatting, and other types of formatting.
See also
font, font style
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
fourth-generation language
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention. On subsequent mentions, it's OK to abbreviate as
4GL
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
frameset
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only in content for developers.
Use
frames
to refer to the independently scrollable regions on a webpage.
Use
frameset document
to describe the HTML document that describes the frame layout
in a frames page.
Use
frames page
to describe the page itself, but don't use this term in content for a
general audience. In general discussions, use
frames
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
freeze, frozen
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
freeze
as a synonym for
stop responding
. Don't use
frozen
to describe the
resulting state.
See also
stop, stop responding
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
friendly name
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
display name
instead to refer to a person's name as it appears in an
address or email list.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
from vs. on
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
from
to indicate a specific place or time as a starting point.
Examples
Paste the text from the clipboard.
From the time you set the clock, the alarm is active.
Use
on
to indicate the starting place for selecting a command or option.
Example
On the
File
menu, select
Open
.
Yes
No
front end, front-end
In content for a general audience, don't use as a synonym for the desktop interface to a database
or server. Instead, refer to the program by name, or use a term like
interface
,
program
, or
app
.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
front end
(noun) and
front-end
(adjective that
precedes a noun) if it's necessary for accuracy.
Examples
The server sends information to the web interface.
Front-end applications call back-end APIs.
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
full screen, full-screen
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun. Hyphenate as an adjective before a noun.
Examples
full-screen display
To make the display full screen ….
Full screen (in the UI)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
function
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
application programming interface (API)
.
Don't use
API
to mean
function
.
Examples
A RESTful API uses HTTP requests to get, put, post, and delete data.
Every C++ program has at least one function, which is
main()
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
gallery
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean a marketplace or store.
It's OK to use
gallery
to refer to a collection of pictures, charts, graphics, templates,
components, or other items that the customer can select from. Use the verb
select
for
items in a gallery.
Example
Select a picture from the gallery.
See also
store, marketplace, gallery
Yes
No
game pad
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
garbage collection, garbage collector
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use in content for a technical audience to refer to the automatic recovery of heap
memory or to the automatic deletion of objects that the runtime environment
determines are no longer being used.
Use
garbage collector
to describe the component of a runtime environment that
performs garbage collection.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Capitalize and spell out on the first mention.
Include
the
when used as a noun. When
General Data Protection Regulation
or
GDPR
is
used as an adjective, include
the
if the syntax of the sentence requires it.
Examples
Compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is an ongoing process.
Compliance with the GDPR begins with a few key steps.
Learn how Microsoft products and services can help you on the road to GDPR
compliance.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
general protection fault, GP fault
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention. On subsequent mentions, it's OK to abbreviate as
GP
fault
.
Yes
No
gigabit, Gbit
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
gigabyte, GB, G, G byte, Gbyte
Article
•
06/24/2022
See
Bits and bytes term collection
GB
is also the abbreviation for
Great Britain
(England, Scotland, and Wales). Don't use
United Kingdom (UK),
Great Britain (GB),
and
England
interchangeably.
Yes
No
gigahertz, GHz
See
Units of measure term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
given
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
specified, particular,
or
fixed
.
Examples
Look in the specified folder.
Use the
Find
command to search for all occurrences of a specific word.
The meeting is always at a particular time.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
global
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
global
to mean
worldwide
.
In content for a technical audience, use
global
to refer to:
Memory that's accessible to more than one process.
A variable whose value can be accessed and modified by any statement in a
program. This is called a
global variable.
Similar elements that pertain to an entire program.
Don't use
global
to describe the process of finding and replacing. Instead, describe the
action or use
all instances
or
all occurrences.
Examples
Use the
Find
and
Replace
commands to find all occurrences of specific text and replace
it with different text.
The manufacturer is using Office 365 to expand its global supply chain.
See also
worldwide vs. international
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
glyph
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer generically to a graphic or pictorial image on a button, on an icon, or
in a message box. Use
symbol
instead. It's OK to use
glyph
in a technical discussion of
fonts and characters.
Yes
No
go to
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
graphic, graphics, graphical
Article
•
06/24/2022
As a noun, use
graphic
to refer to a picture, display, chart, or other visual representation.
Use
graphics
to refer in general to pictures, displays, charts, and other visual
representations using computers. For example,
graphics software.
Most of the time, use
graphical
as an adjective. Use
graphic
as an adjective only to mean
vivid or realistic or in the phrase
graphic arts.
Examples
To import a graphic from another file, select
Picture
.
Select the graphics file you want to open.
The image is graphic and accurate.
This course provides graphic design basics.
The graphical UI simulates a coliseum.
Yes
No
graphics adapter
Don't use. Use
video card
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
gray, grayed out
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, talk about the actions that customers should take.
Don’t use
gray
or
grayed out
to describe commands or options that are in an unusable
state—use
not available
or
isn’t available
instead. Use
appears dimmed
if you must
describe their appearance. Use
shaded
to describe the appearance of checkboxes that
represent a mixture of settings.
Examples
The command isn’t available until you select text.
If the option appears dimmed, it's not available.
Selected effects appear shaded.
See also
disable, disabled
,
unavailable
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
greater, better
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
greater
or
better
to mean
or later
when identifying multiple versions of
programs or apps.
See
later
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
greylist
Article
•
06/24/2022
Note spelling.
Use only to discuss the spam-reduction technique in which mail from an unknown
sender is rejected by the server, and an SMTP response tells the client to try again later.
Yes
No
gridline
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
group box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words.
Most of the time, avoid talking about specific UI elements. Instead, talk about what the
customer needs to do.
When you need to refer to a group box for a general audience, don't include the words
group box
. Just refer to the name of the group box.
Example
Under
Effects
, select
Hidden
.
It's OK to use
group box
in content for a technical audience.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
group, newsgroup
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
newsgroup,
not
group,
to refer to an internet discussion group that focuses on a
particular topic.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
grow
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb meaning to increase the size of something. Use a more specific verb.
Examples
If you want to increase your business ....
To extend the selection ....
Yes
No
hack, hacker
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
half inch
Article
•
06/24/2022
Hyphenate as an adjective. Use instead of
half an inch
or
one-half inch
. When space is
limited or the measurement needs to be specific, use
0.5 in
.
Global tip
Be careful when using abbreviations or acronyms that form English words.
Machine translation might incorrectly translate the abbreviation
in.
as the word
in
.
See also
Units of measure term collection
Yes
No
handheld, handheld device
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
handle
Article
•
06/24/2022
When you use
handle
to describe a token that's temporarily assigned to a device or
object to identify and provide access to the device, insert a space between the word
handle
and the sequential number.
Examples
handle 0
handle 1
handle 2
To describe a handle in UI that the customer uses to move or size an object, use
move
handle
or
sizing handle
. Don't use
size handle, grab handle, little box,
or similar phrases.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
handshake
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. In content for a general audience, briefly define the term on the first
mention.
Example
Systems must use the same flow-control (or
handshake
) method. To determine whether
the systems use the same handshake method ....
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hang
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use.
Use
stop responding
to describe a situation in which a program encounters a problem
and can’t close itself. (It's OK to mention
hang
to support search engine optimization.)
Example
If the application stops responding, or
hangs,
you might have to restart your computer.
Use
close
to describe the action a program takes to close itself when it has encountered
a problem and can’t continue.
Note
Sometimes the computer itself stops responding, and sometimes a program does.
In messages, refer to the problem with precision and specificity.
See also
stop, stop responding
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hard copy
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Use only as a noun.
Example
Scan a hard copy of a document and save it as a file.
Don't use
soft copy.
Yes
No
hard drive
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hard-code, hard-coded, hard-coding
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate.
OK to use in content for a technical audience when writing about a routine or program
that uses embedded constants (in place of more general input). Don't use in content for
a general audience.
Yes
No
hard-of-hearing
See
Accessibility term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hardwired
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't use in content for a general audience.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia
Interface)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as an adjective.
Use the abbreviation
HDMI
most of the time. It’s OK to spell out in parentheses on the
first mention.
Use
an
as an article with
HDMI.
Examples
This monitor requires an HDMI cable.
Connect the HDMI cable to the HDMI port on your TV.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
header
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content related to word-processing and publishing apps, use instead of
running head
when discussing page layout. It's OK to use
running head
for clarification or as a
keyword.
Don't use
header
as a synonym for
heading
.
In technical content, it's OK to use
header
as a short form of
file header,
as in
HTML
header.
Don't use
header
as a synonym for
header file,
which refers to the file at the beginning
of a program that contains definitions of data types and variables used by the program's
functions.
See also
footer
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
heading
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
head
or
header
to refer to the heading of an article or a section.
See also
Headings
Yes
No
hearing-impaired
See
Accessibility term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Help
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, use just
Help.
Don't use
online Help
unless you need to describe the
Help system. Capitalize when referring to a Help system within a product.
It's OK to use
definition Help, context-sensitive Help,
and
online Help files
to describe the
Help system itself or to explain how to develop a Help system.
Example
Word Help
Yes
No
he/she
Don't use.
See
Bias-free communication
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hexadecimal
Article
•
06/14/2023
Don't abbreviate as
hex
. Use
h
or
0x
when abbreviating a number. Don't insert a space
between the number and
h,
and use all uppercase for alphabetical characters displayed
in hexadecimal numbers.
Examples
Interrupt 21h
addresses greater than 0xFFFE
For the hexadecimal color value, enter
#FF0000
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hierarchical menu
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
submenu
if you need to emphasize how the menu works as a feature.
Better yet, avoid talking about UI. Instead, talk about what the customer wants to do.
It's OK to use
hierarchical menu
when you need to explain types of menus to a technical
audience.
Examples
On the
Edit
menu, point to
Clear
, and then select the item you want to clear.
Select
Edit
, point to
Clear
, and then select the item you want to clear.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
higher
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
or higher
to mean
or later
to refer to multiple versions of software.
It's OK to use
higher
to refer to display resolution.
Don't use
higher
to refer to processor speed. Use
faster
instead.
Examples
1920 × 1200 pixels or higher resolution
a processer speed of 2.5 gigahertz (GHz) or faster
See
later
Yes
No
high-level-language compiler
Hyphenate as shown.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
high-quality
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
quality
by itself as an adjective. Always use
high-quality
.
Yes
No
high-resolution
Always hyphenate. Don’t abbreviate as
hi-res
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hint
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
hint
as a heading for a type of note. Use
tip
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hit
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to pressing a key. Use
select
instead.
Use
page view
or
page request,
not
hit,
to refer to the number of times a complete
webpage, with all its associated files, has been downloaded. It's OK to use
hits
to refer to
the number of times a file that's part of a webpage has been retrieved. A single page
view can result in many hits.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
home directory
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use.
In content for developers, use
root directory
to refer to the starting point in a
hierarchical file structure. In Windows, the root directory is indicated by a backslash (\).
In all other content, use
top-level folder
.
See also
root directory
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
home, home page
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
home
to refer to the main page of a website or the page a browser displays upon
opening. Capitalize
Home
only when it’s used as a UI label or in references to a UI label.
Use
home page,
two words, in generic references if needed for clarity.
Examples
Select
Home
to return to the main portal page.
Use
Settings
to choose the home page you want to see when the browser opens.
Don't use
start page.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
honeypot
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use.
In content that's specifically about network decoy technology, try to write around the
reference. If you can't, define the term on the first mention.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
host name
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words unless you're referring to a programming element, such as the
HostName
property.
Yes
No
hosted service
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
hosting provider
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
hot key
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hot link
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe a connection that enables information in related databases or files
to be updated when information in another database or file is changed.
Don't use to refer to a link.
See also
hyperlink
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hot spot, hotspot
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a link.
In content for a technical audience, use two words to refer to the specific pixel on the
pointer that defines the exact location to which a user is pointing.
Use one word when referring to a site that offers internet access over a wireless LAN.
Use one word when referring to programming elements, such as the elements of the
HotSpot
class, or to match UI.
See also
hyperlink
Yes
No
hover over, hovering
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
how to, how-to
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
how-to
as a noun. Always hyphenate as an adjective. Never capitalize the
t
in
to
.
Examples
how-to book
how-to article
How to add an article to the library
(Title-style capitalization) Writing a How-to Article
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
HTML
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't spell out. If you have a reason to spell out, use
Hypertext Markup Language.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
HTTP, HTTPS
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t spell out unless you're discussing protocols or URLs, and your audience might be
unfamiliar with the abbreviation. When you have a reason to spell out, use
Hypertext
Transfer Protocol
for HTTP and
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
for HTTPS.
Use all uppercase when referring to the HTTP or HTTPS protocol itself. In general, omit
https://
and
https://
from URLs. If for some reason you need to include
https://
or
https://
as part of a URL, use all lowercase.
See also
URLs and web addresses
Yes
No
hybrid cloud
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
hyperlink
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
hyperlink
or
link
to describe text or a graphic that readers can select to go to
another document, to another place within the same document, or to a webpage. Use
hyperlink
to refer to a UI element labeled
hyperlink
.
Don't use
hot spot, hot link,
or
shortcut
to refer to a link.
Use
go to
to describe the process of going to another document, place, or webpage.
Don't use
click
or
click on.
Use
create
to describe writing the HTML code that forms the link.
In content for web designers, it's OK to use
followed link
to refer to a destination that
the reader has already visited. Don't use in content for other audiences.
Examples
Select the link to go to another webpage.
On the
Insert
tab, select
Hyperlink
in the
Links
group.
See also
URLs and web addresses
,
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No


Feedback
Was this page helpful?
icon
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to describe a graphic representation of an object that a customer can select
and open, such as a drive, folder, document, or app.
Don't use
icon
to describe graphical dialog box options or options that appear on
ribbons, toolbars, toolboxes, or other areas of a window. For options that have graphics
rather than text labels, use the most descriptive term available, such as
button, box,
or
checkbox
. To refer to the graphic itself, if there's no other identifying label, use
symbol,
as in
warning symbol.
When referring to an icon, use bold formatting for the icon name. In instructions, use
the name of the icon and its image, but don't use the word
icon
.
Example
Select
Xbox
.
It's OK to use the word
icon:
In content that teaches beginning Windows skills.
When you don't have an image of the icon.
In discussions about the icon itself.
When you need to differentiate between the Start icon and the Start button (a rare
occurrence).
Example
Most apps have their own settings. Look for this icon
in the app.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
iconize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
shrink to an icon
or
minimize
instead.
Yes
No
i.e.
Don't use. Use
that is
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
if vs. whether vs. when
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
if
to express a condition, use
whether
to express uncertainty, and use
when
for
situations that require preparation or to denote the passage of time.
In informal writing for the web, it's OK to use
if
to express uncertainty. Don't use
whether or not
to express uncertainty.
Examples
If you don't know whether a network key is needed, contact your network administrator.
Use your BitLocker recovery key to sign in if you're locked out of your computer after
too many failed password attempts.
When Setup is complete, restart your computer.
To find out whether TrueType fonts are available ….
(Informal) To find out if TrueType fonts are available ….
Save a webpage to view it later, even if you're not connected to the internet.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
illegal
Article
•
01/08/2025
Don't use to mean
invalid
or
not valid.
Examples
The queue path name is not valid.
See also
invalid, not valid
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
image map
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words unless you're referring to a programming map such as the elements of the
ImageMap
class.
Yes
No
imbed
Don't use. Use
embed
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
impact
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as a noun. As a verb, use
affect
or another synonym.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
inactive, inactive state
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. Describe what the customer needs to do in
simpler terms.
In content for a technical audience, use instead of
not current
to refer to windows, apps,
documents, files, devices, or portions of the screen that are available but not currently in
use.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
inbound
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe email being delivered. Use
incoming
instead.
It's OK to use
inbound
and
outbound
to describe marketing tactics.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
incoming, outgoing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to email messages that are being downloaded or sent. Don't use
inbound
and
outbound
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
increment
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for developers and IT pros, use
increment
as a verb only to mean
increase by
one or by a specified interval
. As a noun, use
increment
to refer to the specified interval.
In other content, it's OK to use
increment
as long as the meaning is clear.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
indent, outdent
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
indent
to refer to a single instance of indentation. For example, use
hanging indent,
nested indent, negative indent,
or
positive indent
.
Use
indentation
to refer to the general concept.
Don't use
outdent.
Don't use
indenting
or
outdenting into the margin
. Use
extending text into the margin
or
indenting to the previous tab stop
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
index, indexes, indices
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
indexes
as the plural form of
index.
Use
indices
only in the context of mathematical
expressions.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
info
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
info
as an abbreviation for
information
in content with an informal tone.
Global tip
The abbreviated form isn't available in all languages, so allow enough space
for the full translated term in localized content.
Yes
No
infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
initialize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
start a program or app
or
turn on a device.
It's OK to use
initialize
to refer to preparing a disk or device for use or setting a variable
to an initial value.
See also
start, restart
,
turn on, turn off
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
initiate
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
start a program or app.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
inline
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't hyphenate.
Use
inline styles
to describe styles embedded in tags using the
STYLE
parameter, which
override styles in cascading style sheets.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
input
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Use
enter
or another appropriate verb instead.
In content for a general audience, don't use as a noun to mean data or values entered
into an app.
Examples
Existing characters move to the right as you enter new text.
To verify the text that you entered ….
(Technical audience) Windows Presentation Foundation provides an API for obtaining
input from a variety of devices.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
input/output, I/O, input/output control
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid
input/output
in content for a general audience. If you must use it, spell out on the
first mention, and then abbreviate as
I/O
.
In content for a technical audience, you don't need to spell out on the first mention.
Use
input/output control
only in content for a technical audience. Always spell out on the
first mention. On subsequent mentions, it's OK to abbreviate as
I/O control
or
IOCTL
.
Yes
No
insecure
Don't use to mean
not secure
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
inside
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
inside of.
Example
To change the margins inside the text box ....
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
install
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
install
to describe adding apps, hardware, and drivers to a device. Don't use
download.
Use
uninstall
to describe removing them.
Don't use
install
as a noun. Use
installation
instead.
See also
add
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
instant message, IM
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out
instant message
or
instant messaging
on the first mention if your audience
might not be familiar with the abbreviation. After that, it's OK to use
IM
as a noun or
modifier
.
Don't use
instant message
or
IM
as a verb. Use
send an instant message
or
send an IM
instead.
Exception
In mobile UI content or to form a parallel construction with another one-word phrase,
it's OK to use
IM
as a verb. For example,
tap a name to call or IM someone
.
Examples
To send an instant message, select
Send IM
on the toolbar.
Customize instant messaging features based on your friends, family, and work contacts.
Global tip
The abbreviated form isn't available in all languages, so allow enough space
for the full translated term in localized content.
See also
message
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
instantiate
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
create an instance of
(a class) instead. If you have a reason to use
instantiate,
its direct object must be the name of a class or a general reference to
classes. You instantiate a class, not an object.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
insure, assure, ensure
Article
•
06/24/2022
Ensure,
insure,
and
assure
are interchangeable in many situations. To improve worldwide
readability, Microsoft style makes these distinctions:
Use
ensure
to mean
to make sure
or
to guarantee
.
Use
insure
to mean
to provide insurance
.
Use
assure
to mean
to state positively
or
to make confident
.
Yes
No
intelligence, intelligent technology
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
interface
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as a noun, as in
user interface
and
application programming interface
. Use
interface
by itself only if the context is clear.
For a general audience, it's OK to use
UI
or
API
after spelling out on the first mention.
For a technical audience, it's not necessary to spell out those terms on the first mention.
Don't use
interface
as a verb. Use
interact
or
communicate
instead.
Examples
The familiar interface helps to minimize training requirements.
With Skype for Business, you can communicate with your team from wherever you are.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
internet, intranet, extranet
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
internet
to refer to the worldwide collection of networks that use open protocols
such as TCP/IP to communicate with one another. Don't capitalize.
Use
intranet
to refer to a communications network based on web technology but that's
available only to certain people, such as the employees of a company. Don't capitalize.
Use
extranet
to refer to an extension of an intranet that uses internet protocols to give
authorized outside users limited access to the intranet. Don't capitalize.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Internet Connection Sharing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Capitalize. Always spell out; don't abbreviate to
ICS
.
Yes
No
Internet Explorer
Capitalize. Always spell out; don't abbreviate.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Internet of Things (IoT)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Note the capitalization. Spell out on the first mention unless you're sure that your
audience knows the term or
IoT
appears as part of a Microsoft product name. On
subsequent mentions, use the abbreviation
IoT.
Include
the
with the spelled-out term but not the acronym.
Examples
The Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping every industry from manufacturing to medicine.
And although IoT is a complicated endeavor, new innovations are making projects easier
to deploy.
Learn how to use Microsoft Azure IoT Hub to connect, monitor, and control billions of
Internet of Things assets.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
internet service provider (ISP)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention. Lowercase the spelled-out term.
Use to refer to an organization that provides customers with internet access for activities
such as web browsing, email, and newsgroups.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
invalid, not valid
Article
•
06/24/2022
Both terms are OK to use, but try to use more specific terms instead.
Global tip
Use
not valid
instead of
invalid
if possible because machine translation might
not translate
invalid
correctly.
Examples
There are several reasons why a product key might not be valid.
The FileType you specified is too long. The FileType must begin with a period and can be
1 to 64 characters long.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
invite
Article
•
06/24/2022
Invite
can be used as a noun or a verb.
An
invite
is used to request an individual’s virtual participation in a meeting,
organization, or an event.
Examples
The working group will
invite
other stakeholders to weigh in on the proposal.
Send an
invite
that includes dial-in conferencing.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
invoke
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
invoke
to refer to a function, process,
or similar element.
Yes
No
IP address
Don't spell out.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
issue
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Describe what's happening, or use a more specific verb instead.
Example
Windows displays an error message.
Don't use as a synonym for
problem.
Example
Outlook has run into a problem and needs to restart.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
IT pro, IT professional
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
IT pro,
not
IT professional
. Note capitalization. Don't spell out
information technology
—always use
IT.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
italic
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only as an adjective, not as a noun. Don't use
italics
or
italicized
.
Examples
To make the selected characters italic, select
Ctrl+I
.
The characters are displayed in italic type.
In writing for customers, use
regular type
to describe type that's neither bold nor italic.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
its vs. it's
Article
•
06/24/2022
Proofread your work to be sure you've used the correct word.
Its
is a possessive form meaning
belonging to it.
It's
is the contraction meaning
it is
or
it has.
Examples
It's OK to switch to another webpage anytime—your changes are saved automatically.
After you remove your device from its box ....
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Java, JScript, JavaScript
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
Java
to refer to the object-oriented programming language developed by the Sun
Corporation.
Use
JScript
to refer to the Microsoft implementation of the ECMAScript scripting
language specification, an open standard.
Use
JavaScript
to refer to the widely used web-based programming language, under the
Oracle trademark.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
join
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
embed
.
In discussions about databases and related products, use
join
only to refer to a
relationship or association between fields in different tables.
Examples
If you join numeric fields that don't have matching
FieldSize
property settings, Microsoft
Access might not find all the matching records when you run the query.
When you add fields from both tables to the query design grid, the default, or inner, join
tells the query to check for matching values in the join fields.
To embed one object into another, select
Paste
on the
Edit
menu.
Yes
No
joystick
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
jump
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a noun to refer to cross-references to other pages or to links.
Don't use as a verb to refer to going from one link to another. Use
go to
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
justify, justified
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
aligned
. Justified text is text that is both left-aligned and
right-aligned. To describe alignment on one margin only, use
left-aligned
or
right-
aligned,
not
left-justified
or
right-justified
.
If your content has an index or a glossary that includes articles about alignment, include
justify
in the index or glossary with cross-references to
align, left align,
and
right align,
as
appropriate.
See also
left align, left-aligned,
right align, right-aligned
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Kerberos protocol
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always use
Kerberos
as an adjective (
Kerberos protocol
), not as a noun (
Kerberos
).
On the first mention, indicate what version or versions of the Kerberos protocol you're
referring to.
Example
Windows Server 2012 implements the Kerberos version 5 authentication protocol.
Yes
No
key combination
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
key performance indicator (KPI)
Article
•
05/09/2023
Spell out on the first mention and include the abbreviation in parentheses immediately
following the expanded form. Lowercase the spelled out term.
On subsequent mentions on the same screen or pane, or in the same topic, article or
flow, it’s OK to use the abbreviation
KPI
.
In UI, if the full term cannot be spelled out due to space constraints, it’s OK to
abbreviate on the first mention. If possible, use the spelled out term somewhere else
within the same flow for context.
See also
key result (KR)
,
objectives and key results (OKR)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
key result (KR)
Article
•
05/09/2023
Spell out on the first mention and include the abbreviation in parentheses immediately
following the expanded form. Lowercase the spelled out term.
On subsequent mentions on the same screen or pane, or in the same topic, article or
flow, it’s OK to use the abbreviation
KR
.
See also
key performance indicator (KPI)
,
objectives and key results (OKR)
Yes
No
key sequence
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
keyboard shortcut
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
keypad
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
keypress, keystroke
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
kilobit, Kbit
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
kilobits per second, Kbps
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
kilobyte, KB, K, K byte, Kbyte
Article
•
06/24/2022
See
Bits and bytes term collection
For information about using
K
as an abbreviation for
thousand,
see
Numbers
.
Yes
No
kilobytes per second, KBps
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
kilohertz, kHz
See
Units of measure term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
knowledge base, Knowledge Base
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use title-style capitalization to refer to the Microsoft Knowledge Base. (You don't need
to precede
Knowledge Base
with the company name.)
Otherwise, use lowercase for generic references to a
knowledge base,
or
expert system
.
Yes
No
labeled, labeling
Use one
l,
not two.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
laptop
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
later
Article
•
06/24/2022
If possible, use a link to help readers find information elsewhere in the content. If you
can't use a link, use
later
instead of
below
in cross-references such as
later in this article.
It's OK to use
or later
or
and later
to refer to multiple versions of software. Keep in mind
that the phrases and later and or later might imply that the functionality or feature
discussed will be included or supported in all future releases. If you're not sure, list each
applicable version instead.
Examples
Internet Explorer 7 or later, Firefox 3.6 or later
Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and later.
Download and install the Power BI publisher for Excel to use with Microsoft Excel 2010
or later versions.
See also
earlier
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
launch
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean opening an app or form. Use
open
instead.
Examples
Select a tile to open an app.
Select
Register
to open the registration form.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
lay out, laid out, layout
Article
•
06/24/2022
In formatting discussions:
Use
lay out
as a verb to describe positioning elements on a page.
Use
laid out
as a verb in the past tense.
Use
layout
to describe the result of laying out elements on a page.
Examples
Lay out complex information in a table to make it easier to read.
Add formatting to your table after it's laid out.
A table layout clarifies complex information.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
leading
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
preceding
or
beginning
in phrases such as
leading slashes
or
leading
spaces,
which might occur at the beginning of strings, parameters, or other values.
Leading
in this context is the opposite of
trailing.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
leave
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to closing an app or program. Use
close
instead.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
left, leftmost, left-hand
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
left
as a directional term by itself. Instead, use a term such as
upper left,
lower
left,
leftmost,
or
on the left side of
. Include a hyphen when you use
left
to modify a noun,
as in
upper-left corner
. Don't use
left-hand
as a modifier.
Accessibility tip
Don't use directional terms (
left, right, up, down
) as the only clue to
location. Individuals with cognitive disabilities might have difficulty interpreting them, as
might people who are blind and use screen-reading software. It's OK to use a directional
term if another indication of location, such as
in the
Save As
dialog box,
on the
Standard
toolbar,
or
in the title bar,
is also included. Directional terms are also OK to use when a
sighted user with dyslexia can clearly see a change in the interface as the result of an
action, such as a change in the right pane when an option in the left pane is selected.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
left align, left-aligned
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to text that's aligned at the left margin. Always hyphenate
left-aligned
.
Don’t use
left-justified
.
See also
justify, justified
,
right align, right-aligned
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
left justify, left-justified
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use. Use
left-aligned
instead.
See
left align, left-aligned
Yes
No
left mouse button
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
legacy
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe a previous version of a product. Use
previous,
former,
earlier,
or a
similar term instead. Be specific if necessary, especially when discussing compatibility
issues.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
legal
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to refer to matters of law. Don't use to mean
valid,
as in a
valid action
.
Example
Enter a valid path name.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
less vs. fewer vs. under
Article
•
04/11/2023
When comparing quantities:
Use
less
to refer to a mass amount, value, or degree.
Use
fewer
to refer to a countable number of items.
Don't use
under
to refer to a quantity or number.
Examples
The new building has less floor space and contains fewer offices.
The new building has fewer square feet of floor space and contains fewer offices.
Fewer than 75 members were present.
Less than a quorum attended.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
let, lets
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
lets
(or
allows
or
enables
) to refer to things that Microsoft or Microsoft apps
make possible for the customer. Instead, focus on what the customer wants to do.
Example
Present schedule information in a variety of ways using Microsoft Project.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
leverage
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb to mean
take advantage of.
Use
take advantage of,
use,
or another
more appropriate word or phrase.
Yes
No
license terms
See
Microsoft Software License Terms
Last updated on 07/06/2026
lifecycle
One word. This style choice is an intentional deviation from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Examples
For products under existing lifecycle policies, we'll continue to provide support.
New capabilities for the products are available across the entire customer lifecycle.
With purpose-built agents, AI spans the full lifecycle of the contact center.
Last updated on 05/29/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
-like
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, don't hyphenate words ending with
-like
unless the root word ends in double
l'
s or the root word has three or more syllables.
Examples
maillike
bell-like
computer-like
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
line
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a series of related Microsoft products or services. Use
family
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
line of business, line-of-business
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Don’t hyphenate as a noun. Always hyphenate as an adjective. Don’t
abbreviate as
LOB.
Examples
line-of-business app
In any line of business, …
Yes
No
link
See
hyperlink
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
list box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words.
In general, avoid talking about UI. Instead, talk about what the customer needs to do.
When you need to help a customer interact with UI, refer to a list box by its label and
the word
list,
not
list box
. For the Mac, use
pop-up list
to refer to unnamed list boxes.
Examples
In the
Background
list, select
Coffee Bean
.
In the pop-up list, select
Microsoft Excel
. (Mac only)
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
load
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
start, install, run, set up,
or
download.
In content for a technical audience, use
load
only to describe dynamically calling
graphics, documents, or installed programs or data, such as drivers, DLLs, scripts,
registry entries, and profiles, into RAM or a program's virtual memory. Use
unload
or
remove
to refer to removing these items from memory.
For games, use
load
to refer to continuing gameplay at the last place that a game was
saved.
Load game
and
Load saved game
are typical button labels for game UI.
Examples
Load the device driver into the upper memory area.
Loading your personal settings ... (system status message)
When you sign in, the app loads your profile.
Run the program in character mode.
Setting up Office 365 (heading)
Download the e-book (link text)
When you're ready to play again, load your saved game.
See also
download
Yes
No
lock
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
lock up
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe a hardware failure or a program or an operating system that has
stopped responding. Use
fail
instead for hardware, and
stop responding
for programs or
the operating system.
See also
fail
,
stop, stop responding
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
log on, log off
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
log in, login, log into, log on, logon, log onto, log off, log out, logout,
or a similar
term unless it appears in the UI (and you're writing instructions).
Use
sign in
or
sign out
instead.
See
sign in, sign out
,
connect
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
lower
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to indicate product version numbers. Use
earlier
instead.
See
earlier
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
lower left, lower-left, lower right, lower-
right
Article
•
06/24/2022
Hyphenate as adjectives. Use instead of
bottom left
and
bottom right
.
Accessibility note
Don't use directional terms (
left, right, up, down
) as the only clue to
location. Individuals with cognitive impairments might have difficulty interpreting them,
as might people who are blind and use screen-reading software. It's OK to use a
directional term if another indication of location, such as
in the
Save As
dialog box,
on
the
Standard
toolbar,
or
in the title bar,
is also included. Directional terms are also OK to
use when a sighted user with dyslexia can clearly see a change in the interface as the
result of an action, such as a change in the right pane when an option in the left pane is
selected.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
lowercase
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't use
lowercased
. Don't use as a verb.
When using
lowercase
and
uppercase
together, don't use a suspended hyphen (as in
upper- and lowercase
). Spell out both words instead.
Examples
Change all the uppercase letters to lowercase.
Change the case of both lowercase and uppercase letters.
Microsoft uses sentence-style capitalization, meaning most words are lowercase.
Yes
No
low-resolution
Always hyphenate. Don’t abbreviate as
lo-res
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
machine
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
machine learning
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general discussions, use lowercase. Use title-style capitalization to refer to named
services, such as Machine Learning API and Machine Learning Studio.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
main document
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe the document that contains the unchanging material in a merged
document, such as a form letter. Don't use
core document
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
makefile
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Use only in content for a technical audience.
Yes
No
malicious code
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
malicious user
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
malware, malicious software
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
management information systems
Article
•
06/24/2022
Abbreviate as
MIS
. Most of the time, use
IS
for
information systems
instead, unless the
reference is specifically to management information systems.
Yes
No
manipulate
Use
work with, handle,
or
use
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
marquee
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
marquee
to refer to the scrolling text feature on webpages. Don't use to
refer to the feature that draws a dotted line around a selection on the screen. Use
bounding outline
instead.
See also
bounding outline
,
dotted rectangle
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
master/slave
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
master/slave
. Use
primary/replica
or alternatives such as
primary/secondary
,
principal/agent
,
controller/worker
, or other appropriate terms depending on the context.
Use
primary/subordinate
as an adjective. Refer to arrangements in which one device
controls another as a
primary/subordinate arrangement
, or refer to the controlling
device as the
primary server
and the controlled device as the subordinate server.
Don't use
primary/subordinate
as a synonym for
parent/child
.
Examples
Each subordinate device has a unique 7-bit or 10-bit address. The architecture
uses a standard primary/subordinate design to replicate data from one server to many.
See also
parent/child
Yes
No
mathematical
Use instead of
mathematic
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
matrix, matrices
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
matrices,
not
matrixes,
as the plural form of
matrix
.
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Maximize button, maximize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the
Maximize
button
to refer to the button, not just
Maximize
.
Maximize
as part of
the
Maximize
button
is always bold. Don't use
Maximize box
or
Maximize icon
.
It's OK to use
maximize
as a verb.
Examples
Select the
Maximize
button.
To fill the screen, maximize the window.
Select
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
medium, media
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
medium,
not
media,
as a singular subject. Ensure that the verb agrees with the
subject (that is,
the medium is
and
the media are
).
Use
media
to describe:
Materials or substances, such as fiber optic cable or wire, through which data is
transmitted.
Materials on which data is recorded or stored, such as magnetic disks, CDs, or
tapes.
The mass-communications industry and its practitioners, such as publishing and
broadcasting.
Journalists as a group, whether they're published in print or on the web, or
broadcast.
Don't use
media
as a shortened form of
multimedia
.
Examples
The media include online broadcasts as well as newspapers, magazines, radio, and
television.
The media covers computer industry news.
The medium used for many large computer programs is the DVD-ROM.
Yes
No
megabit, Mb, Mbit
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
megabits per second, Mbps
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
megabyte, MB, meg, M, M byte, Mbyte
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
megahertz, MHz
See
Units of measure term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
member function
Don't use if you can correctly use
method
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
memory
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always refer to a specific kind of memory, such as
random-access memory (RAM), read-
only memory (ROM),
or
hard drive space
.
Spell out RAM and ROM on the first mention unless you're positive that your audience is
familiar with the term.
In the noun forms that refer to memory measurements, use
of
in a prepositional phrase,
as in
512 MB of RAM
.
Example
Here's what it takes to upgrade to Windows 10 on your PC or tablet:
Latest OS
: Make sure you're running the latest version—either Windows 7 SP1 or
Windows 8.1 Update.
Find out which version you're running
Need the latest version? Download
Windows 7 SP1
or
Windows 8.1 Update.
Processor
: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or SoC
RAM
: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Hard drive space
: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS
Graphics card
: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver
Display
: 800 × 600
See also
Bits and bytes term collection
,
Units of measure term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
memory-resident
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Use
memory-resident program,
not
TSR,
in content for a general
audience.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
TSR
as an abbreviation for
terminate-
and-stay-resident
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
menu item
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about the UI. Instead, talk about what the customer needs to
do. If you must refer to commands on menus in content for a general audience, call
them
commands,
not
menu items.
In content for developers, it's OK to use
menu items
in the context of UI development.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
message
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
message
as a verb. Use
send, receive, email, text,
or
send an
IM
instead.
Use
email,
message,
or
email message
to refer to an item sent or received using email.
Use
text
or
text message
to refer to an item sent or received using SMS.
To refer to an item sent or received using instant messaging, spell out
instant message
on the first mention if your audience might not be familiar with the abbreviation. After
that, it's OK to use
IM.
See also
email
instant message, IM
text, text message
Yes
No
metafile
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
micro-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don't hyphenate words beginning with
micro-,
such as
microprocessor
and
microsecond,
unless it's necessary to avoid confusion. When in doubt, check
Merriam-
Webster Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
microprocessor
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
processor
to refer to the chip used in personal computers.
Yes
No
Microsoft
Article
•
06/24/2022
Never abbreviate
Microsoft.
Don't use
Microsoft's.
Examples
Microsoft software and services
Microsoft Surface
the Microsoft approach to diversity and inclusion
Exception
To avoid awkward wording, it's OK to use
Microsoft's
occasionally when you're
referring to the company itself rather than the trademark or brand name.
Example
Microsoft's privacy policies
Include
Microsoft
the first time you mention a product or service name in body text.
When you list several product names, it's OK to include
Microsoft
before the first name
only.
Exceptions
Never include
Microsoft
before
Bing, Skype, Xbox,
or
Windows.
In general, focus on the customer, and avoid making Microsoft the subject of the
sentence. For example, say, "Learn about the options available for upgrading," not
"Microsoft offers a variety of options for upgrading." It's OK to use phrasing like
we
recommend
if it helps you avoid awkward wording like
it's recommended.
When it's necessary for Microsoft to be the subject, choose the pronouns that best fit
your message.
When the tone is friendly, informative, or inspiring, use
we
and
our.
Examples
We believe in what people make possible.
We recommend that you upgrade to the latest version of the service when it
becomes available.
In formal legal or business content, use
it
and
its.
Example
Microsoft and its subsidiaries
Don't mix pronouns. Don't use
we
to refer to Microsoft and
its
as the possessive
pronoun.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Microsoft account
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't capitalize
account
.
Use
Microsoft account
to refer to the sign-in credentials (email address and password)
that give someone access to Microsoft services, such as Skype, Xbox Live, and
Outlook.com, and to products, such as Xbox consoles.
Don't use
Microsoft account
to refer to corporate domain accounts, which are used to
connect to corporate resources and services.
Microsoft account
was formerly known as
Windows Live ID
.
Example
This contact info is from your Microsoft account. Friends who have it will be able to find
you on Skype. Would you like to add it?
Yes
No
Microsoft AI
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Microsoft Software License Terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
When referring to the license agreement, use
Microsoft Software License Terms,
not
End-
User License Agreement
or
EULA
. On the first mention, use the full name. On subsequent
mentions, it's OK to shorten to
license terms
.
Don't use
licensing terms
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Microsoft Store
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the full name
Microsoft Store.
Note the capitalization.
In general, don’t include
the
(
the Microsoft Store
) unless it's necessary to fix awkward
wording. Avoid it in marketing content.
Exceptions
In the UI, it’s OK to omit
Microsoft
when space is limited, and it’s OK to
include
the
(
the Microsoft Store, the Store
) when it reads better.
Don’t use
Windows Store
or
Xbox Store.
Always use the singular
Microsoft Store.
Don’t
use
Microsoft Stores.
Refer to a brick-and-mortar store as a
location.
Example
Get it at a Microsoft Store location near you.
If your message applies only to a specific part or parts of Microsoft Store, add
descriptors if needed for clarity. The approved descriptors are:
Microsoft Store on Windows 10
Microsoft Store on Xbox One
Microsoft Store online
Microsoft Store location
When you use two descriptors, don’t repeat
Microsoft Store.
Example
Microsoft Store on Windows 10 and Xbox One
If one of the references is to Microsoft Store online, put it first.
Example
Microsoft Store online and on Windows 10
Yes
No
midnight
See
Date and time term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
million, M
See
Numbers
Last updated on 07/06/2026

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Minimize button, minimize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the
Minimize
button
to refer to the button, not just
Minimize
.
Minimize
as part of
the
Minimize
button
is always bold. Don't use
Minimize box
or
Minimize icon
.
It's OK to use
minimize
as a verb.
Examples
Select the
Minimize
button.
Select
.
Yes
No
MIP mapping
Two words. Note capitalization.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
mission critical, mission-critical
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Use
business-critical
or simply
critical
instead if you can. When necessary, it's OK to use
this term in a technical context to describe an application or business process.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
mixed reality, mixed-reality
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Examples
In mixed reality, digital information is represented by holograms that appear in the
space around you.
Use mixed-reality video calling to help you make better business decisions and reduce
costs.
Yes
No
mobile device, mobile phone
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
monitor
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
monospace
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
more than vs. over
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
more than
to refer to quantifiable figures and amounts—things you can count.
Use
over:
To refer to a position or location that's above something.
In a comparison in which
more
is already used.
Examples
The Design Gallery contains more than 16 million colors.
After you compress your drive, it will have over 50 percent more free space.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
mouse
Article
•
06/24/2022
See
Computer and device term collection
,
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Yes
No
mouse over
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
movable
Note spelling. Don't use
moveable.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
move
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe transferring files or folders from one local location to another.
Use
move
or
drag
as a verb to describe moving any window.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
upload
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
MPEG
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t spell out. The extension for MPEG files is .mpg.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
multi-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don't hyphenate words beginning with
multi-
unless it's necessary to avoid
confusion or
multi-
is followed by a proper noun.
Don't invent new words by combining words with multi-. Check
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
.
If you don't find the word there or in the following list of examples, use
multiple
before the word instead.
Examples
multicast
multichannel
multicloud
multicolumn
multiline
multiprocessor
To learn more about hyphenation,
see also
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
multifactor authentication
Article
•
06/24/2022
When describing an authentication that uses more than one factor, use the term
multifactor authentication
.
Don’t use
multi-factor
. Instead always use
multifactor
, without the hyphen.
Don’t use the abbreviated or acronym form of this term.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
multiple selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to a selection that includes multiple items. It's OK to use
adjacent selection
if
you must emphasize that the selected items are adjacent to one another.
Don't use
disjoint selection,
nonadjacent selection,
or
noncontiguous selection,
except in
content for a technical audience, and only if the term appears in the UI or API. If you
need to refer to nonadjacent selected items, use
multiple selection
or list the specific
items.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
multiplication sign (×)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the multiplication sign (×), not the letter
x,
to indicate the mathematical operation.
Use an asterisk (*) if you need to match the UI.
Use × to mean
by
when you refer to screen resolution or dimensions.
Examples
48 × 48 pixels
The application icon should be 62 × 62 pixels and PNG format.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
multitask, multitasking
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
multitask
as a verb.
Multitasking
is OK to use as a noun or an adjective.
Examples
A multitasking operating system divides the available microprocessor time among the
processes that need it.
Multitasking on Microsoft Surface is a snap.
Yes
No
multithreaded
Use instead of
multithread
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
n
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use a lowercase
n
in italic type to refer to a generic use of a number—when the value of
a number is arbitrary or immaterial.
Example
Move the cursor
n
spaces to the right.
Reserve a lowercase
x
in italic type for representing an unknown in mathematical
equations (a variable).
Global note
Because
n
doesn't refer to the generic use of a number in all languages,
using
n
for this purpose might lead to mistranslation in machine-translated content.
See also
x
Yes
No
namespace
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
nanosecond
See
Date and time term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
native language
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a computer system's machine language. Use
machine language
or
host language
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
natural user interface, NUI
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
natural user interface
in content for a general audience. Don't abbreviate as
NUI.
Yes
No
navigate, navigation
In most situations, avoid using
navigate
(verb) and
navigation
(noun or adjective) because they're
formal words that might not localize well. Use simpler words instead.
See also
browse
Describing interactions with the UI
To describe
Use
Example
Going from place to place on the internet
or an intranet
browse
To browse the web, select any link on your
home page.
Going directly to a webpage or website,
whether by entering a URL or by selecting
a link
go to
To go to a webpage, enter the address of
the page on the address bar, and then
select
Go
.
Going to a folder or file
browse
if the
user has to find
it
go to
if the
action is direct
Go to your
Downloads
folder and open the
file.
Moving through a page, file, or app
move through
Use the
Next
buttons to move through the
pages.
Avoid referring to UI controls and buttons as
navigation buttons
and to webpages that orient the
customer as
navigation topics
or
navigation pages
. Most of the time, the
navigation
part is
unnecessary and you can simply use
buttons
,
topics,
and
pages
.
Don't use
navigation pane
or
navigation menu
unless the term appears in the UI. Use
left pane
or
left menu
instead if the use of a direction is appropriate.
Alternatives to
navigate
ノ
Expand table
Alternatives to
navigation
If you need to use
navigation
, never abbreviate it to
nav
(as in
nav pane
or
left nav
) because it's
slang.
Examples
Use the buttons to make your selection.
On the service menu, select your service. Then, on the left pane, select your resource.
You don't need to find an alternative to
navigation
when it's the most precise word in the context.
Example
This change improves code organization and navigation.
Last updated on 04/28/2026
near real time, near-real-time
The term
near real time
describes something that's diplayed or reported a short time after an
event happens.
The noun form is three words and typically follows the preposition
in
. When the term is an
adjective that precedes a noun, the entire string is hyphenated.
Examples
The service provides analytics in near real time.
The service provides near-real-time analytics.
See also
real time, real-time
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
need
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
need
to discuss a requirement or obligation; use
want
when the customer has a
choice of actions.
Example
If you want to use a laser printer, you need a laser printer driver.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
.NET
Article
•
06/24/2022
Note capitalization. Always begin with a period (.). Don't spell out as
dot NET
.
Use
Microsoft .NET
on the first mention. After that, it's OK to use
.NET.
It's OK to begin a sentence with
.NET
to avoid awkwardness or ambiguity, but be aware
that the consecutive periods
(. .NET)
might briefly confuse some readers.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
network
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't shorten to
net
.
Don't use
network
as a verb to describe the action of connecting a computer to a
network.
A computer is
on,
not
in,
a network, and computers on a network are
linked
or
connected,
not
networked
.
Use
network
as a verb and the noun
networking
only to describe making personal and
business connections.
Yes
No
network adapter
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
network administrator
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to specifically refer to the administrator of networks. In general, use
administrator
or
system administrator
unless you must specify a particular kind.
See also
administrator, admin
Yes
No
network connection
Use instead of
local area network connection
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
network drive
Use instead of
remote drive
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
newsreader
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
non-
Article
•
08/26/2024
Don't hyphenate words beginning with
non-,
such as
nonnumeric
and
nonzero,
unless a
hyphen is necessary to avoid confusion, as in
non-native,
or
non-
is followed by a proper
noun, as in
non-English.
When in doubt, check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
Don't use
non-
to negate an entire phrase.
Example
unrelated to security (instead of
non-security related
)
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
nonadjacent selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience to describe multiple selected items that
don't touch. Use
multiple selection
or list the specific items instead.
Use in content for a technical audience only if the term appears in the UI or API.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
noncontiguous selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience to refer to selecting multiple items that
don't touch. Use
multiple selection
instead, or describe the specific noncontiguous items.
Use in content for a technical audience only if the term appears in the UI or API.
Example
To select multiple cells, select
Ctrl
as you select the cells.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
nonprintable, nonprinting
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
nonprintable
to refer to an area of a page that can't be printed on. Use
nonprinting
to refer to characters and other data that can't or won't be printed.
Don't use
unprintable
.
Examples
Some text extends into the nonprintable area of the page.
Select
Show/Hide
to display all nonprinting characters, including paragraph marks and
space marks.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
normal, normally
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
normal
to mean
customary, usual, typical,
or a similar term. Don't use
normally
to mean
often, usually, ordinarily, typically, generally,
or a similar term.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
notification
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
notice
to describe information displayed to a customer about
communications, contacts, a service problem, or other item. Don't use
pop-up, toast,
or
banner
for this purpose.
Examples
When you receive a message, a notification briefly appears at the top of Start ...
If you get a notification, tap it before you unlock the phone and you'll be automatically
taken to the notification.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
notification area
Article
•
12/22/2023
In Windows 8 and Windows 10, use to refer to the area on the taskbar where the clock
and system notifications appear.
In Windows 11, this UI element is referred to as the
system tray
.
See also
system tray
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
null, NULL, Null
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use lowercase
null
to refer to a null value. Better yet, use
null value
to avoid confusion
with the constant.
Use
NULL
or
Null
(depending on the language) only to refer to the constant.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
null-terminated, null-terminating
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
null-terminated
as an adjective, as in
null-terminated string
. Don’t use
null-
terminating,
as in
null-terminating character
. Use
terminating null character
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
number sign (#)
Article
•
03/25/2025
Always spell out
number
in
number sign.
Don't use
pound sign.
Don't use the # symbol preceding a numeral. Spell out
number
instead. For example, use
number 7,
not
#7
. When space is limited, as in tables, it's OK to abbreviate
number
as
No
.
Global tip
The abbreviation
No.
isn't used to abbreviate
number
in other languages, so
using
No.
for this purpose might lead to mistranslation in machine-translated content.
In social media, it's OK to use the # symbol to indicate a hashtag. Don't use
number sign
to refer to the hashtag.
Example
(on X, formerly known as Twitter) A quick look at top conversations and #Office365
product announcements of the week.
It's OK to use the # symbol in references to the # key on the keyboard.
See also
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
numeric
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
numerical
.
For the keypad, use
numeric keypad
instead of
numerical keypad
or
numeric keyboard
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
object
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
object
as a synonym for
item
or
thing
. Instead, refer to a specific object.
For example, in object-oriented programming, an object is an instance of a class that
contains both methods and data and is treated as one entity. Similarly, in COM-based
technologies, an object is a combination of code and data that implements one or more
interfaces. In assembly language,
object
refers to the object module, which contains data
that has been translated into machine code.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
objectives and key results (OKR)
Article
•
05/09/2023
Spell out on the first mention and include the abbreviation in parentheses immediately
following the expanded form. Lowercase the spelled out term.
On subsequent mentions on the same screen or pane, or in the same topic, article or
flow, it’s OK to use the abbreviation
OKR
.
In UI, if the full term cannot be spelled out due to space constraints, it’s OK to
abbreviate on the first mention. If possible, use the spelled out term somewhere else
within the same flow for context.
See also
key result (KR)
,
key performance indicator (KPI)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
obsolete
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Use a phrase such as
make obsolete
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
of
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
of
after another preposition in phrases such as
off of
or
outside of
.
Example
The taskbar is outside the main window area.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
offline
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Use only in the sense of not being connected to or part of a system or
network.
Yes
No
off-premises, on-premises
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
OK, okay
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
OK
instead of
okay
or
all right.
Never use
alright.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
on
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
on
as a preposition with:
Menus
Tabs
Taskbar, toolbar, ruler, and desktop
Disks, in the sense of a program being on a disk
Networks
Hardware platforms
The web
In COM programming, an interface is implemented
on
an object.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
on demand, on-demand
The term
on demand
describes something that's available or provided whenever it's requested or
needed.
Don't hyphenate
on demand
when you're using it as an adverbial phrase after a verb.
Examples
Watch on demand.
Provision your resources on demand.
You can access reports on demand from the dashboard.
Hyphenate
on-demand
when you're using it as a adjective that comes before a noun.
Examples
Watch the on-demand webinar.
Use on-demand compute resources to scale quickly.
The service provides on-demand reporting.
Last updated on 05/09/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
on the fly
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use in content for a technical audience to refer to something that's not created
until it's needed.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
onboarding
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean the process of introducing employees to a new role or organization.
Use
orientation
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
once
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
after
.
Example
After you save the document, you can close the app.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
online
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word, both as an adjective and adverb.
Examples
Search Help for more information.
Check online for more up-to-date information.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
online services
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid. If you need to refer generally to apps and services that you access online,
mention the services by name or use
services.
Don’t use
online services
to refer to protocols and data formats, such as XML, SOAP, and
WSDL, that provide the means for integrating web-based apps. Use
web services
instead.
See
web services
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
on-screen
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate as an adjective or adverb. Instead of using as an adverb, try to rewrite
by using a phrase such as
on the screen
.
Yes
No
on-screen keyboard
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
onto
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use one word (
onto
) to indicate moving something to a position on top of something
else, as in
drag the icon onto the desktop
.
See also
sign in, sign out
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
opcode
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
opcode
to refer to a programming term, such as the
opcode
parameter.
Don't use
opcode
as a shortened form of
operation code
. Use
operation code
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
open
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
open,
not
opened,
to describe the open state:
an open folder
.
Use
open,
not
start
or
launch,
to describe opening a program or app. Don't use
open
to
describe selecting a command, a menu, an option, or other similar element.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
open source, open-source
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase unless you're talking about the Open Source Initiative.
Hyphenate
open-source
as an adjective preceding a noun, as in
open-source software.
Don't use
open-sourced
as an adjective
.
Don't hyphenate in other instances, such as
Open source is a development model in
which ....
Don't use
OSS
as an abbreviation for
open-source software.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
operating environment, operating
system
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use in content for a technical audience, but avoid in content for a general
audience.
Use
operating environment
or
environment
to describe both hardware and the operating
system software.
Use
operating system
to describe only the software.
Use
graphical environment
to describe the graphical user interface (GUI) of an operating
system.
Use
on,
under,
or
with
as prepositions with
operating system
. Don't use
against
.
Examples
Word 2016 runs with the Windows operating system.
Microsoft Exchange Server runs on the Windows Server operating system.
See also
platform
Yes
No
opt in, opt out
テ
Summarize this article for me
Opt in
is a general term for an action that a user takes to subscribe to, sign up for, or start to
receive information about a service, app, or site, or to give consent for data collection,
processing, and storage.
Opt out
is a general term for an action that a user takes to avoid subscribing, signing up, or
giving consent, or to unsubscribe, cancel a sign-up, or withdraw consent.
Unless space is limited or you're referring to the opt-in or opt-out process in a general way,
use a more precise term that gives a clearer idea of what users must do.
Examples
Sign up to receive our newsletter.
Select the checkbox to agree to legal terms and conditions.
To give consent for data collection or use, turn on the toggle.
To unsubscribe, select the link.
If you must use the terms:
Use
opt in
and
opt out
as verb phrases. Write
opt in to
, not
opt into
.
Use the hyphenated forms
opt-in
and
opt-out
as adjectives. Don't use them as nouns.
Examples
If you want to opt in to our offer program, follow the link.
Complete the opt-out form.
Opting out isn't an option.
Last updated on 03/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
option, option button
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about the UI. Instead, talk about what the customer needs to
do. Refer to an option by its UI label only. If you must provide a descriptor, use
option
.
Use the exact label text, including its capitalization, but don't capitalize the word
option.
Avoid referring to the option button itself. Just discuss the option that it controls. When
you must mention the button for clarity, use
option button
.
Examples
Select
No header row.
When you select the
Keep source formatting
option, ....
For
Paste options
, select
Keep text only
.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
option
instead of
switch
to refer to a
command argument or compiler option, such as
/b
or
/Za
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
org, organization
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the term that makes the most sense for your audience.
In content for a business or technical audience, it's OK to use
org
as an abbreviation for
organization.
Don't use a period after the abbreviation.
Examples
Get an online org chart application that works with Azure Active Directory and Office
365.
How to prepare for your cross-org Exchange migration
See also
company vs. organization
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
output
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Instead, use a verb that describes the kind of output, such as
write
to,
display on,
or
print to
.
Avoid using as a noun or an adjective in content for a general audience. Use a more
specific term instead.
Examples
Print a document to a file or to a specific printer.
The
HttpResponse.Output
property delivers text output to the outgoing HTTP response
stream.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
outside
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
outside of
.
Example
The taskbar is outside the main window area.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
over
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
over
to refer to a position or location above something. For quantities, use
more
than
.
Examples
A transparent viewing layer with a red border appears over the diagram.
The installed base is more than 2 million.
Don't use to refer to version numbers. Use
later
instead.
See also
later
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
overwrite
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to describe replacing existing data with new data. Use
replace
to describe
replacing an existing file with a new one that has the same name.
Don't use
overwrite
as a synonym for
type over
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
page
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
page
or
webpage
to describe one of a collection of web documents that make up a
website. Use
page
to refer to the page the reader is on or to a specific page, such as the
home page or start page.
In a wizard, use
page
instead of
screen
to refer to an individual screen.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
palette
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe a collection of colors or patterns that the customer can apply to objects.
Most of the time, avoid talking about UI elements. Instead, talk about what the
customer needs to do. When you must refer to a palette by name, use bold formatting
for the name of the palette. Use sentence-style capitalization unless you need to match
the UI.
Examples
In
Colors
, let Windows pull an accent color from your background, or choose your own
color.
In the
Color
palette, choose a color for the object outline.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
pan
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
pane
Use
pane
to refer to the separate areas of a split window. For example, a list of resources might
appear on one pane and the contents of a selected resource on another pane.
If a pane isn't labeled in the UI, use lowercase for the name that describes it. If a pane is labeled
in the UI, use bold on the name.
Use the preposition
in
when you refer to a pane.
Use
open
and
close
as verbs with panes.
Examples
Open the annotation pane.
In the
Score
pane, select an asset to view details.
If you're creating UI text, use sentence-style capitalization for pane names.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Last updated on 03/18/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
parameter
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use for a value given to a variable until an operation is completed. Don't use to mean
characteristic,
element,
limit,
or
boundary
.
See also
argument vs. parameter
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
parent/child
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
parent/child
in content for a technical audience to refer to the
relationships among processes in a multitasking environment or in content about
databases to describe the relationships among nodes in a tree structure.
Don't use as a synonym for a primary/subordinate relationship.
See also
master/slave
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
parenthesis, parentheses
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
opening parenthesis
or
closing parenthesis
for an individual parenthesis, not
open
parenthesis,
close parenthesis,
beginning parenthesis,
ending parenthesis,
left parenthesis,
or
right parenthesis
. It's OK to use
parenthesis
by itself if it doesn't matter or it's clear
which parenthesis is being discussed.
See also
Formatting punctuation
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
passwordless
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid. Instead, use wording that's friendlier and more clearly describes the benefit.
When you must use
passwordless,
don't include a hyphen, and use it only as an
adjective, not as a noun. For example, use "the steps to a passwordless environment"
not "the steps to passwordless."
Examples
Learn why getting rid of passwords is important.
Before you can do away with passwords, you need something to replace them.
See how a password-free environment works.
Sign in without a password.
An authentication solution that doesn't require passwords
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
path
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
path
instead of
pathname,
both in general references and in syntax.
Use
path
to refer to a drive and any folders below the root directory. When a path also
specifies a file, use
full path
.
In command syntax, use
path
to represent only the folder portion of the full path:
copy
[
drive:
][
path
]
filename
To indicate a path, first type the drive name, followed by a colon and a backslash. Then
type the name of each folder in the order that you would open it, separated by a
backslash, as follows:
C:\Documents and Settings\user1
Use
address
or
URL,
not
path,
to refer to a location on the internet.
In general, use
path of,
not
path to,
to refer to the location of a file.
Example
The full path of my current tax form is:
C:\Documents and Settings\user1\My Documents\Taxes\This year's taxes
When documenting products for the Mac, use colons with no spaces to separate zones,
file servers, shared disks, folders, and file names. File names don't require extensions.
Example
(Mac) Macintosh HD:My Documentation:Sales CORP-16:TOMCAT:EX130D Mac
Temp:Workbook1
See also
Formatting common text elements
,
URLs and web addresses
Yes
No
PC
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
p-code
Article
•
06/24/2022
Abbreviation for
pseudocode
. Spell out on the first mention.
Capitalize as
P-code
when it's the first word in a sentence.
Use only in content for a technical audience.
Yes
No
pen
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
per
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
per
to mean
for each
in statistical or technical contexts. In other contexts,
use
a
or the phrase
for each
instead of
per
.
Examples
Customers who sign in only once a day are rare.
You can have only one drive letter per network resource.
Don't use
per
to mean
by
or
in accordance with
.
Examples
Find all the articles that contain a specific word by following the instructions on your
screen.
Identify your computer by using the procedure in the next section.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
percent, percentage
Article
•
11/15/2023
Use the percent sign (“%”) with numerals, rather than spelling out “percent.” You don’t
need a space between the percent sign and the numeral.
Exceptions
Don't use "%" to refer to the symbol itself—refer to the “percent sign.”
Don't use the percent sign at the beginning of a sentence.
Don't use the percent sign to mean "percentage."
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
perimeter network
Article
•
06/24/2022
On the first mention, use:
perimeter network (also known as
DMZ, demilitarized zone,
and
screened subnet
)
After that, just use
perimeter network.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
peripheral
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a noun. Use
peripheral device
or a more specific term instead.
See also
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
permissions
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to refer to operations associated with a specific shared resource, such as a file,
directory, or printer, that are authorized by the system administrator for individual user
accounts or administrative groups. Permissions are
granted
or
assigned,
not
allowed
.
If you refer to a named permission, use title-style capitalization and regular type.
Don't use
privileges
or
permission records
as a synonym for
permissions
.
Examples
Setting the Traverse Folder permission on a folder doesn't automatically set the Execute
File permission on all files within that folder.
Grant Read, Read and Execute, and List Folder Content permissions to the Users group.
Whenever possible, assign permissions to groups instead of users.
See also
rights
,
user rights
Yes
No
personal digital assistant
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
phone, phone number
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
telephone number
. Use
phone number
instead.
As a UI label, use
Phone
, not
Phone number
.
For information about referring to mobile phones, see
Computer and device term
collection
.
For information about how to format phone numbers, see
Numbers
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
photo
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as an abbreviation for
photograph.
Don't use as a verb. Use
photograph
or
take pictures
instead.
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pin, unpin
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
pin
to refer to placing an item, such as a tile, an app, or a command, in a given area
of the UI, so it's always accessible in that area. Use
unpin
to describe removing a pinned
item.
Examples
When you pin an app, it's added to the Start menu as a new tile.
Pin important messages to the top of the message list, and unpin them when you're
done with them.
Pin apps to Start
1. Select the
Start
button, and then select
All apps
.
2. Press and hold (or right-click) the app you want to pin.
3. Select
Pin to Start
.
Yes
No
pinch
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ping, PING
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
ping
to refer generally to searching for a program.
It's OK to use
ping
to refer to using the PING protocol, which is used to determine the
presence of a host on the internet. Don't spell out PING. If necessary, describe it as
Packet Internet Groper.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pipe
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb in content for a general audience. Use a more specific term, such as
send, move, copy, direct, redirect,
or
write
.
It's OK to use
pipe
as a verb in content for a technical audience to refer to routing data
from the standard output of one process to the standard input of another.
The symbol for a pipe in programming content is a vertical bar ( | ).
See also
Special characters term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
placeholder
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb.
For information about formatting placeholders, see
Formatting text in instructions
and
Formatting developer text elements
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
plaintext, plain text
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
plaintext
only to refer to nonencrypted or decrypted text in content about
encryption. Use
plain text
to refer to ASCII files.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
platform
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience.
It's OK to use
platform
in content for a technical audience when you need to distinguish
differing behaviors of a function or other API element in various operating systems.
In content for a technical audience, use
cross-platform
to refer to an app or device that
can run on more than one operating system.
Use
on
as a preposition with
platform
in discussions about hardware platforms:
on the
Intel Atom platform,
for example, but
in Windows 10.
See also
operating environment, operating system
Yes
No
platform as a service (PaaS)
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
playlist
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. A customer
adds
media
to
a playlist and
deletes
media
from
a playlist.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
please
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid
please
except in situations where the customer is asked to do something
inconvenient or the application or site is to blame for the situation.
Example
The network connection was lost. Please reenter your password.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Plug and Play, plug and play
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
Plug and Play
as a noun or an adjective to refer to a set of specifications developed
by Intel for the automatic configuration of a computer so that it works with various
peripheral devices. Note capitalization. Don't hyphenate.
It's OK to use all lowercase (
plug and play
) for all audiences to refer to the ability of a
computer to automatically configure a device that's added to it.
Don't use as a synonym for
Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP).
Examples
Plug and Play functionality
Plug and Play printer
Plug and Play records the information in an event log.
See also
UPnP
Yes
No
plugin
A plugin is a component that adds specific abilities to an application. In generative AI
experiences, a plugin is a component that extends what a language model or an agent can do by
giving it access to capabilities in Microsoft and non-Microsoft services and sites through APIs.
In either case, use one word (no hyphen).
Don't use as a synonym for
add-in
or
add-on
.
See also
add-in, add-on
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
plus sign (+)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use the plus sign (+) to replace words like
and, over,
and
plus.
Exception
Where space is limited, like in UI or a headline, it’s OK to use the plus sign to
indicate a count that exceeds a certain number.
Examples
Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Office 365 are better together.
Choose from more than 750,000 apps in Microsoft Store.
999+ connections (in the UI)
See also
ampersand (&)
Yes
No
point to
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pointer
Article
•
06/24/2022
In a programming context, a pointer is a variable that contains a memory location. In the
rare case where both types of pointers are discussed, use
mouse pointer
and
pointer
variable
as necessary to avoid ambiguity.
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pop-up
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use as a noun. For example, don't use
a pop-up;
use
a pop-up window
instead.
Don't use
pop up
or
pops up
as a verb to describe the appearance of a window. Use
open
or a similar verb instead.
It’s OK to use
pop-up window
to refer to windows that pop up in Help. Don’t use
pop-up
window
as a synonym for
dialog
.
It’s OK to use
pop-up menu
for a programming audience to describe the menu that
appears when a customer right-clicks an item. If you must use a term to describe this
type of menu in content for a general audience, use
shortcut menu
.
Examples
Answer the questions in the wizard as they appear.
Some commands carry out an action immediately. Others open a dialog so that you can
select options.
A pop-up window gives additional information about an option.
If you want to print the information in a pop-up window, right-click the window, and
then select
Print Topic
.
In the pop-up list, select
Microsoft Excel
.
See also
context menu
,
shortcut, shortcut menu
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
port
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the verb forms
port to
and
port
only in content for a technical audience in reference
to portability.
Don't use in content for a general audience.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
postal code
Article
•
06/24/2022
Unless you're writing content that's specifically for the United States, use
postal code
instead of
ZIP Code
.
See also
ZIP Code
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pound key, pound sign (#)
Article
•
06/24/2022
See
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
and
Special characters term collection
Yes
No
power cord
Use instead of
power cable
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
power down, power up, power off,
power on
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
turn off
and
turn on
instead. Don't use
shut down
to refer to turning off a
device.
See also
start, restart
shut down, shutdown
turn on, turn off
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
power user
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean that someone must be an expert to use certain programs or features.
Instead, identify the specific knowledge or skill that's required.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pre-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
pre-,
such as
preallocate
and
preempt,
unless it’s necessary to avoid confusion, as in
pre-engineered,
or if
pre-
is followed by a
proper noun, as in
pre-C++.
When in doubt, refer to
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
preceding
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
preceding,
previous,
or
earlier
to mean earlier in a piece of content, but use
a hyperlink instead if you can. Don't use
above.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
press, press and hold
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to describe pushing a physical button on hardware.
See
Describing interactions with UI
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
preview
Article
•
06/24/2022
Prerelease versions of software and services are typically identified as
Product Name
Preview
(preferred) or
Code Name Preview.
In generic references, lowercase
preview.
Avoid using
beta
to refer to a prerelease product that's ready for unstructured testing by
customers. Use
preview
instead.
Examples
Office 2016 Preview
Windows 10 Insider Preview
Microsoft Power BI Preview
A preview of Azure Container Service is available.
See also
sample vs. preview
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
print, printout
Article
•
06/24/2022
As a verb, use
print
instead of
print out
. It's OK to use
printout
as the result of a print job,
if necessary, but try to be more specific.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
print queue, printer queue
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use. Use
list of documents
instead.
Examples
Your document will be sent to the printer.
Your file will be added to the list of documents waiting to be printed.
Yes
No
private cloud, hosted private cloud
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
privileges
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
permissions
or
rights
.
See
permissions
,
rights
Yes
No
profile
Lowercase unless you need to match the UI.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
program
See
app, application
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
program file
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
program file
as an alternative to
executable file
in content for a general
audience. If possible, use the specific name of the file instead.
Don't use
app file
or
application file.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
prompt, prompting
Article
•
07/09/2024
The process of instructing an AI to do a task is called
prompting
. We tell the AI a set of
instructions (the prompt) and it performs the task. Prompts can be as simple as a
question, or as complex as context, instructions, and multiple examples. Prompts can
contain prompts, sometimes referred to as prompt chaining.
Guidelines
Focus on outcomes: Tell the user how to describe what they want to achieve their
desired results, and include clear, relevant examples.
Avoid using
prompt
as a noun within product UI, as in "Write your prompt." Instead, use
request as in "Try a different request."
Avoid using
prompt
as a noun phrase, as in "prompt field."
Do not use
prompt
as a verb, as in "Then prompt Copilot to write your reply."
Learn prompting
If you want quality outputs, you need fine-tuned prompts. To start becoming a
prompting pro, check out this
prompt crafting guide
(for marketing content) from
Writer.com. Additional guidance we like:
Prompts for communicators using the new AI-powered Bing - The Official Microsoft
Blog
LearnPrompting.org
Resources to learn prompting
See also
command prompt
Yes
No
prop
Don't use as an abbreviation for
propagate.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
property
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to reference something named in the UI as a property.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
property sheet, property page
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. Use
dialog box
or
tab
instead.
Yes
No
protected mode
Use instead of
protect mode
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
public cloud
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
pull down, pull-down
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about UI. Instead, describe what the customer needs to do.
Don't use
pull down
as a verb to describe how to use a menu or list. Don't use
pull-down
as an adjective to describe the appearance of a menu or list.
Examples
In the
Background
list, select
Solid color
.
Go to
Tools
, and select
Change language
.
See also
dropdown
Describing interactions with UI
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
purge
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only in the context of a programming term, such as the Purge method. Otherwise,
use
delete,
clear,
or
remove
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
push button, push-button
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Don't use as a synonym for
button
or
command button
. In content for developers, it's OK
to use
push button
parenthetically or to describe programming elements such as the
PushButton
class.
See also
command button
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
quality, high-quality
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
quality
by itself as an adjective. Always use
high-quality
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
quit
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
quit
to refer to any of the following:
Closing an app or a program. Use
close
instead.
Closing a document or window. Use
close
instead.
The action a program takes to close itself when it has encountered a problem and
can't continue. Use
close
instead.
Ending a session on a computer or network. Use
sign out
instead.
Ending a network connection. Use
end
instead.
Use
stop responding,
not
quit,
when an app encounters a problem and can't close itself.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
radio button
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
radio button
only in content for developers in which the API includes the term. In
that case, use wording such as
option button
(also known as a
radio button
).
In other content, refer to a radio button by its label. If you must provide a descriptor,
use
option
. Capitalize the label text as it appears in the UI, but don't capitalize the word
option
.
See also
option, option button
Describing interactions with UI
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ragged right
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
left-aligned
to describe text with an uneven right edge.
See
left align, left-aligned
Yes
No
RAM
See
memory
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
range selection
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. In content for a general audience, use a phrase such as
a range of cells
or a
range of dates
to refer to a selection of adjoining cells, dates, or other items.
Use the same type of phrasing in content for a technical audience, but if you're
describing the feature, use
adjacent selection
.
Use
multiple selection
to describe selecting more than one nonadjacent item.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
re-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
re-
unless it’s necessary to avoid
confusion or
re-
is followed by a proper noun. When in doubt, refer to
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
.
Examples
reenter
recover (to get back or regain)
re-cover (to cover again)
recreate (to take part in a recreational activity)
re-create (to create anew)
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
read-only
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate.
Examples
read-only memory
This file is read-only.
See also
read/write, read/write permissions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
read/write, read/write permission
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
read-write.
Capitalize both
read
and
write
if the context requires
read
to
be capitalized.
Use
read/write permission,
not
read/write access
.
Yes
No
real time, real-time
The term
real time
describes something that's diplayed or reported as an event is happening.
The noun form is two words and typically follows the preposition
in
. Hyphenate as an adjective
that precedes a noun.
Examples
Respond quickly to security events by monitoring them in real time.
Respond quickly to security events by using real-time monitoring.
See also
near real time, near-real-time
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
reboot
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
restart
instead, and be clear that
restart
in this context refers to the
device, not to a program or an app.
Example
After Setup is complete, restart your computer.
If the UI or API uses
reboot
in a label or an element name, it's OK to refer to the label or
element name, but use
restart
to describe the action or event that occurs.
Example
The
Reboot
method shuts down the device and then restarts it.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
recommend
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
we recommend
to introduce a Microsoft recommendation. Don't use
Microsoft recommends
or
it is recommended
.
Don't use
recommend
when something is required.
Examples
Windows 10 requires 16 GB of hard drive space for 32-bit OS and 20 GB for 64-bit OS.
Small storage devices, like devices with 32-GB hard drives or older devices with full hard
drives, might require additional storage to complete the upgrade. If you have limited
hard drive space available, we recommend that you have a USB flash drive handy when
you install Windows 10.
See also
should vs. must
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Recycle Bin, recycle bin
Article
•
06/24/2022
Capitalize both words when referring to the
Recycle Bin
on the Windows desktop.
Lowercase when referring to the
recycle bin
in OneDrive.
In UI, it's OK to use
Recycle bin
for labels and headings.
Always use the definite article
the,
as in
the
recycle bin
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
refresh
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe updating a webpage.
Don't use
refresh
to describe an image being restored on the screen or data being
updated. Use
redraw
or
update
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
registry, registry settings
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use lowercase for the word
registry
except when referring to a named system
component, such as the Registry Editor.
Use all uppercase letters for the first-level subtrees, separating words with underscore
characters. Registry subtrees are usually bold.
Examples
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
Keys are developer defined and are usually all uppercase or a mix of uppercase and
lowercase characters, with no underscores. Subkeys are usually a mix of uppercase and
lowercase characters.
Examples
SOFTWARE
ApplicationIdentifier
CurrentVersion
Refer to an entire subkey path as a
subkey,
not a
path
.
Example
(typical subkey )
\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\SystemCertificates\AuthRoot
In a subkey, use
entries
to describe the items in the
Name
column. Use
values
to
describe the items in the
Data
column.
See also
Formatting developer text elements
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
reinitialize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
restart
.
See also
initialize
,
start, restart
Yes
No
relationship chatbot
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
REM statement
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as an abbreviation for
remark statement
in Visual Basic and some other
programs.
Don't use generically to refer to a comment. Use
comment
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
remote
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
remote
as an adjective to describe a person or computer at another site.
Don't use
remote drive
to describe a drive on a remote computer. Use
network drive
instead.
Don't use
remote
as a verb.
Don't use
remote
as a noun except to refer to a remote-control device.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
remove
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
remove
to mean
delete
.
Use
remove:
To describe taking an item off a list in a dialog box that has
Add
and
Remove
buttons.
To describe taking a toolbar button off a toolbar or hiding displayed data, such as
columns in a spreadsheet, without deleting the data.
As a synonym for
unload
.
As a verb to describe removing add-ins and add-ons.
See also
uninstall
,
delete
,
load
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
replace
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
replace
as a noun.
Examples
To replace all instances of a word or phrase at one time ....
The
Replace
method replaces text found in a regular expression search.
Use
replace
instead of
overwrite
.
Examples
Replace the selected text with the new text.
Replace the file with the changed file.
See also
find and replace
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
restart
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe closing and reopening a program or app or turning a device off and
then immediately back on. Make it clear which of these you're talking about.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
restore
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb instead of
undelete
to describe restoring an item that was deleted.
Use as a verb to describe restoring an item or condition to its previous state, such as a
window that was previously maximized or minimized.
Don't use as an adjective or as a noun in content for a general audience unless you need
to match the UI.
Examples
Restore the file.
Restore the window to its minimized state.
For more information about System Restore ....
For content about SQL Server:
Use
restore
to describe restoring a series of one or more database backups.
Use
restore
as an adjective only when necessary.
Examples
Under the full recovery model, first restore one or more data backups, and then restore
the subsequent log backups to roll the database forward in time.
Restore the database.
Use the RESTORE statement to specify the restore operation.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
reverse video
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
inverse video,
invert video,
or
reverse screen
to describe the displaying of
inverted background and text colors. Use
highlighted
to refer to the appearance.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
right, rightmost, right-hand
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
right
as a directional term by itself. Instead, use a term such as
upper right,
lower right,
rightmost,
or
the right side of.
Include a hyphen when you use
right
to modify
a noun, as in
upper-right corner
. Don't use
right-hand
as a modifier.
Accessibility tip
Don't use directional terms (
left, right, up, down
) as the only clue to
location. Individuals with cognitive disabilities might have difficulty interpreting them, as
might people who are blind and use screen-reading software. It's OK to use a directional
term if another indication of location, such as
in the
Save As
dialog box,
on the
Standard
toolbar,
or
in the title bar,
is also included. Directional terms are also OK to use when a
sighted user with dyslexia can clearly see a change in the interface as the result of an
action, such as a change in the right pane when an option in the left pane is selected.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
right align, right-aligned
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to text that's aligned at the right margin. Always hyphenate
right-aligned
.
Don’t use
right-justified
.
See also
justify, justified
,
left align, left-aligned
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
right justify, right-justified
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use. Use
right-aligned
instead.
See
right align, right aligned
Yes
No
right mouse button
See
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
right-click
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only when you need to talk specifically about mouse actions. Define in content that
teaches beginning skills if you think it's necessary.
Use
select and hold (or right-click)
when the instruction isn't specific to the mouse.
Hyphenate.
Examples
Right-click to select the file.
Using the right mouse button (right-click) ….
Select and hold (or right-click) the Windows taskbar, and then select
Cascade windows
.
See
Describing interactions with UI
,
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
rights
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
rights
only in a nonspecific way to refer to system actions that are authorized by the
system administrator. For specific references, use
user rights
.
Don't confuse
rights,
which apply to system operations, with
permissions,
which apply to
specific system resources, such as files or printers.
Don't use
privileges
as a synonym for
rights
.
Example
Domain administrators should use a primary user account, which has basic user rights in
the domain.
See also
permissions
,
user rights
Yes
No
ROM
See
memory
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Roman
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to describe type that's neither bold nor italic. Use
regular type
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
root directory
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for developers, use
root directory,
not
home directory,
to refer to the directory
or folder from which all other directories or folders branch. In Windows, the root
directory is indicated by a backslash (\). Don’t shorten to
root
when you mean the
directory.
In other content, use
top-level folder
.
Example
Change to the root directory, and enter the following command:
edit autoexec.bat
See also
top-level folder
Yes
No
rotate
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
run vs. execute
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid
execute
except to follow the UI. Use
run
instead. If the UI includes
execute,
the
resulting action is still
run
.
Always use
run
in the context of operating systems, macros, and queries.
Examples
To run the program, select
Execute
.
Commands are run in the order in which they're listed in the file.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
running foot, running head
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
footer
and
header
instead. If you think your audience might search for
these terms, use
also known as running foot
and
running head
on the first mention.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
runs vs. runs on
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid
run
for a general audience. For a technical audience, use
run
to refer to an
operating system and
run on
to refer to a program.
Examples
To install Exchange 2016, your computer must be running the full installation of
Windows Server.
Office 2016 runs on the following versions of Windows: Windows Server 2008 R2,
Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 10, Windows 7 Service
Pack 1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
runtime
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
runtime:
To indicate an environment required to run apps that aren't compiled to machine
language.
To indicate the time during which an application is running.
As an adjective to describe a thing that's occurring or relevant at runtime.
Don't use
runtime
as a synonym for reader programs, such as Microsoft Office file
viewers.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
(s), (es)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't add
(s)
or
(es)
to a singular noun to indicate that it can be singular or plural. Most
of the time, use plural instead. If it's important to indicate both, use
one or more
.
Examples
To add rows or columns to a table, ....
To add one or more rows or columns to a table, ....
See also
Nouns
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
sample vs. preview
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
sample
to describe a graphic representation of something that might show up on
the screen. Use
preview
to describe a graphic representation of exactly what the
customer will see on the screen.
Examples
This displays a sample of what the control will look like with the scheme applied.
To preview what the control will look like with the scheme applied, select
Preview
.
See also
preview
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
save
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe saving app installation files to a device and saving files to a
local drive or share.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
scan line
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words when referring to either the row of pixels read by a scanning device or one
of the horizontal lines on a display.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
screen
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
screenful
or
full screen
.
Exception
It's OK to say that a program or app is running in
full-screen mode
.
It's OK to use
screen
in instructions to describe what customers see on the screen or
how they interact with it.
See also
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
screen reader
A screen reader is assistive software that renders text and image content as speech or braille
output.
When the term is a noun, it's two words. When you're using it as an adjective before a noun,
hyphenate it for clarity. Never use a one-word form.
Examples
The screen reader reads the contents of the screen aloud for users who are blind or have low
vision.
The app is designed for screen-reader compatibility.
See also
Writing for all abilities
Colors and patterns in text, graphics, and design
Alternative text (alt text)
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
screen resolution
Article
•
06/24/2022
For screen resolutions, use
number
×
number
instead of
number by number.
For
example, use
640 × 480
instead of
640 by 480.
Use the multiplication sign (×) instead of the letter
x.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
screened subnet
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use
perimeter network
instead. On the first mention, it's OK to say:
perimeter network (also known as
DMZ, demilitarized zone,
and
screened subnet
)
Yes
No
screenshot
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
script, scriptlet
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid
scriptlet
. Most of the time, use
script
or a more specific term.
It's OK to use
scriptlet
when necessary to refer to a specific component in COM, a
section of embedded code, or a small script.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
scroll
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid. Use a verb phrase such as
move through
instead, if the context is clear.
It's OK to use
scroll
in content that teaches beginning skills to describe interacting with a
document by using a mouse, keyboard, or other peripheral device.
Examples
Move through the folder until you see the file you want.
Move the wheel button on the Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse to scroll up and down in a
document.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
scroll bar, scroll arrow, scroll box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, avoid talking about elements in UI. Instead, describe what the
customer needs to do.
Don't use
arrow
to refer to a
scroll arrow
.
Don't use
slider
or
slider box
as a synonym for
scroll box
.
Don't use
gray
or
shaded area
to refer to the
scroll bar
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
search, search and replace
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
search and replace
to describe finding and replacing things in a document or
other location. Use
find
and
replace
instead.
Use
search
and
replace
as verbs, not as nouns or adjectives.
Example
Search your document.
See also
find and replace
Yes
No
search box
Don't capitalize unless you need to match the UI.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
secondary menu
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. If it's important to describe how the menu
works, use
submenu
.
In content for developers, use only in content about creating menus and only if you
can't use
submenu
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
see, see also, and similar phrases
Article
•
02/26/2024
Phrases like
see
,
see also
,
view
,
view all
, and
watch it later
are fine to use from an
inclusive design perspective, as long as they're being used in contexts that otherwise
support accessibility. The problem is when we use that language and then fail to provide
a way for the person to consume the content.
See
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
for more information about creating
products and content that are accessible to people of all abilities.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
select
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
select
to refer to marking text, objects, cells, and other items that a customer will
take action on, such as copying or moving. Describe the marked items as
the selection
or
the
selected
text, objects, cells, and so on.
Don't use
highlight
or
pick
as a synonym for
select
.
For information about using
select
as a verb in instructions and procedures, see
Describing interactions with UI
.
Yes
No
server
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
service-level agreement (SLA)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention. Use lowercase for the spelled-out term, and note the
hyphen. Use
an
not
a
with the acronym.
Examples
A service-level agreement (SLA) is an agreement between a service company and a
service customer. An SLA defines for both the company and the customer when a
service job should be completed.
Yes
No
service-oriented architecture (SOA)
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
set, specify
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid generic terms such as
set
and
specify
to describe customer actions. Try to use
more specific verbs.
Examples
Select a color for an appointment or a meeting.
Enter a location for
Tab stop position
.
Don't use
set
to indicate entering or selecting a value in a dialog box or other UI
element.
It's OK to use
set
in content for developers to describe entering or selecting the value of
a property.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
set up, setup, Setup
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe the process of preparing hardware and installed apps for initial
use. Two words as a verb, one word as an adjective and a noun. Don't hyphenate.
Capitalize
Setup
when it refers to the Setup program.
Examples
Unpack everything before you set up your computer.
The setup time is about 15 minutes.
Your office setup should be ergonomically designed.
Run Setup before you open other apps.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
setting, value
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid generic nouns, such as
setting
or
value,
in content for a general audience. Use a
specific noun, such as
width, color,
or
font,
instead.
Examples
Select a color for an appointment or a meeting.
Enter a location for
Tab stop position
.
It's OK to use
settings
or
values
occasionally when you need to talk generally about
more than one. Don't use
attributes
or
properties
as a synonym.
Yes
No
set-top box
Note hyphen. Don't abbreviate.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
shaded
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, talk about the actions that customers should take.
Don’t use to describe commands or options that are in an unusable state—use
not
available
or
isn’t available
instead. If you must describe their appearance, use
appears
dimmed.
It’s OK to use
shaded
to describe the appearance of checkboxes that represent a mixture
of settings.
Examples
The command isn’t available until you select text.
If the option appears dimmed, it's not available.
Selected effects appear shaded.
See also
unavailable
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
shell
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as a noun in content for a technical audience. Don't use in content for a
general audience.
Don't use as a verb, such as
shell
or
shell out
. Use more precise terminology, such as
create a new shell
or
return to the operating system
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ship
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to making products or services available to customers. Use
release
instead.
Example
Windows 10 was released in July 2015.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
shortcut, shortcut menu
Article
•
06/24/2022
Shortcut
is one word as an adjective or a noun. Don't use as a verb. Don't use as a
synonym for
link.
Use
shortcut menu
only if it helps the customer locate the item in the UI. Most of the
time, just describe what the customer needs to do.
Examples
Use
Alt+Spacebar
to display the shortcut menu for the active window.
Right-click the selected text, and then select
Copy
.
Select the text, open the shortcut menu, and then select
Copy
.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
pop-up
Yes
No
should vs. must
06/27/2025
Before using
should
or
must,
consider other ways to discuss recommendations or requirements,
such as the imperative mood for required actions and a phrase such as
we recommend
for
optional ones. Don't use
Microsoft recommends
or
it is recommended
. Be careful to make your
tone helpful, not bossy. (For information about the imperative mood, see
Verbs
.)
Examples
You'll need an internet connection to install the upgrade.
We recommend that you wait for us to notify you when we've confirmed that your PC is ready.
Free technical support is available when you register with Microsoft.
Use
should
only to describe an action that's recommended but optional. Don't use
should
to
indicate probability. If you can't make a definitive statement, use
might
or rephrase.
Examples
You should back up your data periodically.
If you don't use automatic updating, you should check for updates yourself at least once every
week.
If the anti-malware app is compatible and current, it will be preserved during the upgrade.
Use
must
only to describe a required action.
Example
To save copies of a document in the same location, you must save each copy with a different
file name.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
shut down, shutdown
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a verb, one word as a noun.
Use
shut down
to describe exiting the operating system and turning off the device in a
single action.
Don't use
shut down
to describe turning off a device or as a synonym for
close
.
Examples
To turn off your computer, select
Settings
, and then select
Shut down
.
Use the
Shut down
command to safely close open apps, shut down Windows, and turn
off the device.
Many computers turn the power off automatically.
The accidental shutdown might have damaged some files.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
turn on, turn off
sleep
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
sign in, sign out
Article
•
10/26/2022
Use
sign in
to describe starting a session on a computer, a device, a network, an app, or
anywhere a username and password are required. Use
sign out
to refer to ending a
session.
Don't use
log in, login, log into, log on, logon, log onto, log off, log out, logout, sign into,
signin, signoff, sign off,
or
sign on
unless these terms appear in the UI (and you're writing
instructions).
The verb form is two words,
sign in
or
sign out.
Avoid using as a noun or adjective (
sign-
in, sign-out
). Instead, use a more descriptive or precise term.
Examples
Enter your password to sign in.
Learn how to sign in to Power BI service on the web and how to sign out of it.
After an extended period without activity, the network will sign you out automatically.
See also
connect
,
single sign-on (SSO)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
simply
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean that something is easy to do.
Examples
To publish your files to the web, select
Publish to the web
.
When you see a clip that you like, drag it into your document.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
single sign-on (SSO)
Article
•
06/24/2022
Spell out on the first mention, and lowercase the spelled-out term. Note hyphen.
See also
sign in, sign out
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
site
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe a collection of webpages that's part of a larger whole, such as the
Microsoft website or the MSDN website. Use
website
instead of
site
if necessary for
clarity.
Information is
on
a site, but the address of a site is
at
www.example.com
.
See also
page
,
URLs and web addresses
Yes
No
site map
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
size, resize
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
size
as a verb, as in
size the window
.
Use
resize
to mean
change the size of
.
Yes
No
SKU
Avoid using the abbreviation
SKU
(pronounced "skew") to describe an offering type for a product,
because it's jargon. Instead, use a term that's precise and well understood, like
subscription
,
edition
,
version
, or
tier
.
If you need to use
SKU
because customers expect it, you don't need to spell it out. If you choose
to spell it out, use
stock-keeping unit (SKU)
at first mention.
Examples
Pricing depends on the subscription level.
Choose a storage tier.
For
SKU
, select an option. Remember that
Standard
has more features than
Basic
.
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
sleep
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to describe putting a device into a power-saving state without shutting it down.
See also
shut down, shutdown
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
slider
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, avoid talking about UI elements. Most of the time, just describe what the
customer needs to do.
In content for a general audience, it's OK to use
slider
when you need to describe the UI
element used to set a value on a continuous range of possible values, such as screen
brightness, mouse-click speed, or volume.
In content for developers, it's OK to refer to a slider as a
trackbar control
.
Don't refer to the scroll box or a progress indicator as a slider.
Example
Move the slider downward to decrease the volume.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
slideshow
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word unless you need to match the UI. Don’t use
carousel
as a synonym.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
small caps
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use small caps for key names or for
AM
and
PM
.
It's OK to use the term
small caps
. If necessary for clarity, refer to them as
small capitals
on the first mention, followed by a phrase such as, "often referred to as
small caps.
"
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
smart card, Smart Card
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Use lowercase for generic references to smart cards or smart card
technology.
Capitalize as part of proper nouns, such as
Lenovo
Integrated
Smart Card Reader,
but not
in general references to smart card implementations.
Yes
No
smartphone
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
SMB
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid using the acronym
SMB
. Use
small or medium-sized business
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
snap-in
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate. Use only to describe a program that runs in Microsoft Management
Console.
Yes
No
social chatbot
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
soft copy
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Use a more specific term, such as
electronic document
or
file,
instead.
Yes
No
software as a service (SaaS)
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
software-plus-services
Don't use.
See
Cloud-computing term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
sorry
Use
sorry
(and similar wording) only in error messages that notify the customer about a serious
problem or one that they might find very frustrating, such as:
Data is lost.
The customer can't continue to use the device, service, or application.
The customer must get help from a support representative.
A product or service fails.
Error messages should apologize only for things that went wrong with the Microsoft product.
Don't apologize for problems that are outside the product, such as a broken link or waiting for
a network connection to be found. In those cases, be direct about what went wrong.
Examples
We're sorry, but we detected a problem, and your PC was shut down to protect your files and
other data.
Sorry, the service isn't available right now.
This task couldn't be completed. Please try again.
You're not connected. Let's get you back online.
The page can't be reached.
This page didn't load properly.
See also
please
Last updated on 11/26/2025
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
spam
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase.
Use
spam
only to refer to unsolicited commercial email.
Don't use to refer generally to commercial email, such as bulk email sent to a customer
list. Don't use to refer to an inappropriate posting to a large distribution list.
Don't use
spam
as a verb.
Yes
No
specification
Always spell out. Don't use
spec
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
spell checker
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
spell checker
as a general term for a tool that checks spelling. To refer to a specific
tool, use the name that appears in the UI.
Use
check spelling
as a verb.
Don't use
spell check
as a noun.
Examples
Use the Spelling and Grammar tool to check spelling in the document.
Check the spelling in the document.
Use a spell checker to find spelling errors in your document.
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
spin box
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
spin box
in content for a technical audience to describe a control that
users can use to move, or spin, through a fixed set of values, such as dates.
For a general audience, just discuss what the customer needs to do. If you need to refer
to the control, refer to a spin box by its label.
Example
the
Start time
box
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
split bar, split box
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
split bar
and
split box
in content for all audiences.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
spoofing
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
spoofing
in content for all audiences if you're sure that your audience will
understand the meaning. To avoid ambiguity, be specific about the kind of spoofing
you're referring to, such as
email spoofing
or
IP spoofing
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
spreadsheet vs. workbook
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
spreadsheet
to refer to an accounting app, such as Microsoft Excel. Use
workbook
to
refer to the file produced using a spreadsheet app.
Yes
No
spyware
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
SQL, SQL Server
Article
•
06/24/2022
When you're referring to a computer that's running Microsoft SQL Server, use
a
computer running SQL Server
or
a computer that's running SQL Server
. (Note the capital
S
in
Server
.)
When you're referring to Structured Query Language as
SQL,
treat
SQL
as an acronym
pronounced “sequel” and use the indefinite article
a:
a
SQL database.
Examples
Connect Power BI to an external data source, such as a SQL database.
Review installation requirements, system configuration checks, and security
considerations for a SQL Server installation.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
start, restart
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
start
to describe selecting a program or app to open it. Use
open
instead.
Use
restart
to describe closing and reopening a program or app or turning a device off
and then immediately back on.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
turn on, turn off
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Start button, Start menu
Article
•
06/24/2022
Capitalize references to the Start menu and the Start button on the Windows taskbar.
Don't use bold formatting for
Start
unless you're referring to the menu or button in
instructions.
Don't refer to the Start button as the
Windows Start button
.
Don't include the word
button
unless it's necessary for clarity. If you do,
button
is
lowercase.
If possible, to help customers locate the button, include the Start graphic
in
references to the Start button.
Example
You'll find the Start
button on the taskbar.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
start page
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to the main page of a website or the page a browser displays upon
opening. Use
home page
instead.
See also
home, home page
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
start up, startup
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
start up
as a verb. Use
start
instead.
Note
Use
open,
not
start,
to describe selecting a program or app from the Start menu to
open it.
Don't use
on startup
or similar noun phrases in content for a general audience. It's OK to
use
on startup
in content for a technical audience.
It's OK to use
startup
as an adjective in phrases such as
startup screen
.
Examples
To open the app, select the icon.
When the app opens, a startup screen appears.
Open OneNote and start taking notes.
See also
Start button, Start menu
Yes
No


Feedback
Was this page helpful?
status bar
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
status line
or
message area
to refer to the area at the bottom of a
document window that shows the status of a document and other information, such as
the meaning of a command. Messages appear
on,
not
in,
the status bar.
Example
The page number is displayed on the status bar.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
stop, stop responding
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
stop
to mean
exit a program
. It's OK to use
stop
for hardware operations.
Use
stop responding
only when a program encounters a problem and can't close itself.
Use
close
to describe the action a program takes to close itself when it has encountered
a problem and can't continue.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
storage, storage space
Article
•
10/17/2024
Use
storage
or
storage space
to refer to local capacity on a device.
It's OK to use
storage device
to refer generally to external drives, USB drives, and other
types of storage hardware.
When referring to cloud, use
cloud storage
or refer to the specific cloud provider storage
in OneDrive instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
store, marketplace, gallery
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
store,
not
marketplace, gallery,
or another word, to refer to any Microsoft online
shopping site―whether all products, services, and items are from Microsoft only or from
partners as well. Examples: Microsoft Store, Microsoft Store for Business.
In an online store (either in a product experience or the web), avoid including
by
in the
publisher line. For example, use
Microsoft,
not
by Microsoft.
If you must include
by,
lowercase it.
See also
Microsoft Store
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
stream, streaming
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as a noun or verb to refer to audio, video, or graphics coming to a browser or
media player over the internet.
Stream
is also OK to use as an I/O management term in
C programming.
Yes
No
stretch
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
struct, structure
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
struct
in text to refer to a data structure identified by the
struct
language
keyword. Use
structure
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
style sheet
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words. Use to refer to a file of instructions for formatting a document or to a list of
words and phrases and how they're used or spelled in a particular document.
In XML context, use
style sheet
to refer to an .xsl file. Use
Extensible Stylesheet Language
(or its abbreviation,
XSL,
if the term is familiar to your audience) to refer to the related
technology.
See also
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
sub-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
sub-,
such as
subheading
and
subsection,
unless it’s necessary to avoid confusion or if
sub-
is followed by a proper
noun, as in
sub-Saharan
. When in doubt, check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
subaddress
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to parts of an address that go to a specific place in a file, such as a
bookmark. Use a more specific term.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
subclass
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Use a common verb, such as
create a subclass,
instead.
Yes
No
subnet, subnetwork
In general terms, a subnet (short for
subnetwork
) is a segment of a network. For technical
audiences, you can use
subnet
without explaining that it's an abbreviation.
Last updated on 05/29/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
surf
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use in informal contexts to describe a more random browsing than the less
informal
browse
implies.
Yes
No
swipe
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
switch
Article
•
06/24/2022
As a verb, use instead of
activate
or
toggle.
Example
Use
Alt+Tab
to switch between open windows.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
switch
as a noun to refer to command-
line and compiler options, such as
/Za
.
See also
turn on, turn off
Yes
No


Feedback
Was this page helpful?
symbol
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to refer to a graphic or special character that represents something else, but
differentiate a symbol from an icon. (An icon represents an object the customer can
select and open. A symbol can appear on an icon.)
Follow these guidelines when discussing symbols:
Write out the name of the symbol in text and, if the symbol itself is important,
enclose the symbol in parentheses. Use a symbol by itself only in tables and lists
where space is limited or in mathematical expressions.
Examples
Enter a backslash (\) to return to the previous directory.
Only 75 percent of the students attended.
For UI elements, such as buttons, you can use a graphic of the button by itself after
it has been named once or if selecting it displays a definition.
Examples
Select the
Minimize
button (
).
Select
.
Write out the plurals of symbols, showing the use in parentheses. Don't add
s
or
's
to a symbol.
Example
Enter two backslashes (\\) to show a network connection.
Don't insert a space between a number and the symbol it modifies.
Examples
75%
<100
See also
Special character term collection
,
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Yes
No
sync
You can abbreviate
synchronize
or
synchronization
to
sync
for a friendlier tone, if it works well in
the context. For example, a user can sync a file, folder, or library with a local drive, a SharePoint
drive, a server, or the cloud. A user can also sync settings, messages, and other data across
devices, apps, and accounts.
Abbreviations of
synchronize
and
synchronization
don't save space when they're localized. In
languages other than English, localization uses the unabbreviated forms.
Guidelines
Don't include
h
in the abbreviation. Use
sync
,
syncs
,
synced
, and
syncing
, not
synch
,
synchs
,
synched
, or
synching
.
In general, use the phrase
sync with
instead of
sync from
or
sync to
. If information is being
synced to and from two sources, describe it as syncing between or syncing across.
Don't use
sync
to abbreviate
synchronous
.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
system administrator
See
administrator, admin
Last updated on 07/06/2026
system prompt
See
command prompt
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
system software
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
system software
(singular) instead of
systems software
(plural).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
system tray
Article
•
12/22/2023
In Windows 11, use to refer to the area on the taskbar where the clock and system
notifications appear.
In earlier versions of Windows, this UI element was referred to as the
notification area
.
See also
notification area
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
tab
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb.
As a noun, use only to refer to tabs on a ribbon, a webpage, in a dialog box, and so on.
For other uses, clarify the meaning with a descriptor, such as
the Tab key, a tab stop,
or
a
tab mark on the ruler
.
Examples
Use the
Tab
key to move through a dialog box.
Set a tab stop on the ruler.
On the
View
tab ....
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
table of contents
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
Table of contents
as the heading for the list of contents at the beginning of a
document or file. Use just
Contents
instead.
It's OK to refer generically to a
table of contents
.
Don't use to describe on-screen navigation.
Yes
No
tablet
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
tap, double-tap, tap and hold
See
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
target drive, target file
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use. Refer to the specific drive, folder, or file instead. If the concept of
target
is
important to the discussion, use
destination drive
or
destination file
instead.
Examples
Set your phone to automatically save photos and videos to Microsoft OneDrive.
By default, the file is saved to the Scanned documents folder.
Copy the file to the USB drive.
Yes
No
taskbar
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
terabyte, TB
See
Bits and bytes term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
terminate
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a synonym for
close
or
exit
.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
terminate
in phrases such as
null-
terminated string
or
terminate a process.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
text, text message
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as an adjective, a noun, or a verb in the context of SMS messages. Use
text message
and
send
or
receive
a text message,
if necessary, to avoid ambiguity.
Use
text
or
text message
rather than
SMS
(short message service) or
MMS
(multimedia
messaging service) for the US audience. For markets where SMS may be the more
common usage, localization teams will use the appropriate term.
Global tip
In some languages,
text
is translated differently as a noun and a verb. Provide
enough context for localization to determine how to translate
text.
For example, instead
of
text a friend,
say
send a text to a friend
or
text a quick message to a friend.
See also
message
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
text box
Article
•
06/24/2022
Refer to a box in which the user enters text only by its label. If you must use a descriptor,
use
box
. Don't use
field
or
entry field,
except in content about database programs.
Examples
File name
box
Enter or update an email address for
Work email
.
In content for developers, it's OK to use
text box
in content about designing and
developing the UI.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
thanks, thank you
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, use
thanks
not
thank you.
It's OK to use
thank you
in content that has a
formal tone or is about a serious subject, such as cybersecurity or privacy.
Don't use
thanks
unnecessarily. Use
thanks
as the closing in email, a letter, or a similar
message. Otherwise, thank the customer only when they've been inconvenienced or
they went out of their way to do something.
Examples
Thanks for your feedback.
Microsoft offers a 10 percent military discount as a way to say thank you for your
service.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
that vs. which
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
that
at the beginning of a clause that’s necessary for the sentence to make sense.
Don’t put a comma before
that.
Global tip
Include
that
even if the sentence is clear without it. It helps to clarify the
sentence structure.
Use
which
at the beginning of a clause that adds supporting or parenthetical
information. If you can omit the clause and the sentence still makes sense, use
which,
and put a comma before it.
Examples
To learn more about features that aren’t supported in the trial version, see the feature
comparison chart.
Catch the latest episode of “This Week on Windows,” which looks at the new Surface
Book and more.
The comparison chart shows which features aren't supported in the trial version.
Don’t use
that
or
which
in clauses that refer to a person. Use
who
instead.
See also
who vs. that
Yes
No
thousand, K
See
Numbers
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
tile, Live Tile
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase
tile
in general references to the shortcuts on the Start menu that customers
can move around. These can be static, live, or content tiles.
Capitalize
Live Tile
to describe the feature and in marketing materials.
Yes
No
time stamp
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
timeout, time out
Article
•
04/29/2025
One word, unhyphenated, as a noun or an adjective in computing contexts. Two words as a
verb phrase.
In computing, a
timeout
is an event that interrupts a running process if some expected action
or event doesn't occur within a predefined time.
Examples
Noun: After 30 seconds, a timeout occurs, and you must resubmit your query.
Adjective: If you receive a timeout error, try to sign in again.
Verb phrase: If there is no response within 30 seconds, the connection times out.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
toast
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a notification triggered by an app or the operating system that's
displayed in a pop-up notification. Use
notification
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
to-do
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don’t use
to-do
as a noun. Always hyphenate as an adjective. Don't capitalize.
Examples
items on your to-do list
Here's what you need to do.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
toggle
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb. Instead, use
switch, turn on,
or
turn off
with the name of the toggle
or command to describe what the customer must do.
OK to use as a noun or an adjective, as in
toggle key
or
toggle switch.
A toggle turns a
particular mode on or off.
When you must refer to a toggle by name, use bold formatting for the name of the
toggle. Use sentence-style capitalization unless you need to match the UI. Include the
word
toggle
if it adds needed clarity.
Examples
Use the
Caps lock
key to switch from typing capital letters to typing lowercase letters.
To switch between Normal, Outline, and Slide Sorter views, use the buttons on the
View
tab.
To make text and apps easier to see, turn on the toggle under
Turn on high contrast
.
To keep all applied filters, turn on the
Pass all filters
toggle.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
tone
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to a beeping sound. Use
beep
instead.
It's OK to use
tone
in other contexts dealing with sound, such as a
dial tone
or a
tone
coming from a speaker.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
tool
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
tool,
not
utility,
to describe a feature that helps customers accomplish tasks.
See also
add-in, add-on
app, application
applet
Control Panel
Yes
No
toolkit
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
tooltip
A tooltip is a small pop-up note that provides information about a UI element (such as a control,
icon, or link) when a user hovers over it or selects it.
The term
tooltip
is one word and lowercase. Don't spell it as
ToolTip
.
The guidelines for creating tooltips vary by product. Here are general principles:
Use them sparingly because they can be distracting.
Be brief.
Make sure that the information is helpful as a tip and doesn't just repeat what a label shows.
Use sentence-style capitalization. (Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns.)
If the tooltip is a fragment, don't end it with a period. If it needs to read like a full sentence,
end it with a period.
Last updated on 05/29/2026
top left, top right
Don't use.
See
upper left, upper right
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
top-level folder
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, use instead of
root directory
to refer to the directory
or folder from which all other directories or folders branch.
In content for developers, use
root directory
.
Example
The top-level folder for most customers is the Documents folder.
See also
root directory
Yes
No
touchpad
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
touchscreen
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
touch-sensitive
Always hyphenate.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
toward
Use instead of
towards
.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
trackball
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
trailing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
following
in phrases such as
trailing periods,
trailing slashes,
and
trailing
spaces,
which might occur at the end of strings, parameters, or other values.
Trailing
in
this context is the opposite of
leading.
Yes
No
trojan horse, trojan
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
turn on, turn off
Article
•
05/22/2023
Use instead of
power on/power off, start/stop,
or
switch on/switch off
to mean turning the
device on and off.
Use instead of
enable
and
disable
to refer to commands and features that can be
activated or deactivated. Or use more specific pairs of words such as
make available
and
make unavailable
;
show
and
hide
;
add
and
remove
; or
allow
and
block
.
Don't use to refer to selecting or clearing checkboxes in instructions. Use
select
and
clear
instead. It's OK to use
turn on/turn off
to refer to webpage options and toggles.
Examples
To turn on pop-up blocking ….
To keep all applied filters, turn on the
pass all filters
toggle.
If the command prompt isn’t available, your network administrator might have turned
off this feature.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
disable, disables (functionality)
enable, enables
shut down, shutdown
unavailable
Yes
No
turnkey
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
type
See
Describing interactions with UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
UK
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid using as an abbreviation for
United Kingdom
unless space is limited.
Don't use as a synonym for
Great Britain (GB)
or
England.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Ultrabook
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to differentiate the Intel device from other types of thin and light laptops.
See also
Computer and device term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
un-
Article
•
08/26/2024
In general, don’t hyphenate words beginning with
un-,
such as
undo
and
unread,
unless
it’s necessary to avoid confusion, as in
un-ionized,
or unless
un-
is followed by a proper
noun, as in
un-American.
When in doubt, check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
To learn more about hyphenation, see
Hyphens
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
unavailable
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, talk about the actions that customers should take rather than
describing UI.
When you must discuss UI, use
not available
or
isn’t available
instead of
unavailable,
disabled,
or
grayed
to describe commands and options that are in an unusable state. Use
appears dimmed
if you must describe their appearance. It’s OK to use
unavailable
to
describe an outage or a service that isn’t offered to certain customers.
Examples
The command isn’t available until you select text.
If the option appears dimmed, it's not available.
If the command prompt isn’t available, your network administrator might have turned
off this feature.
Some My Site features are temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.
See also
disable, disabled
,
turn on, turn off
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
uncheck, unmark, unselect
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to refer to clearing a checkbox. Use
clear
instead.
Yes
No
undelete
Don't use.
See
restore
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
underline vs. underscore
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
underline
to describe text formatting that puts a line under the characters. Use
underscore
to refer to the underscore character ( _ ).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
undo
Article
•
06/24/2022
OK to use as a verb to describe the action associated with the
Undo
command. Don't
use as a noun. For example, don't say,
After an undo, you can redo ....
Examples
To undo multiple actions ....
After undoing an action, ....
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
uninstall
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
uninstall
as a verb to describe removing apps, programs, and hardware drivers from
a device.
Don't use
uninstall
as a noun.
See also
remove
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
unregister
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience. It's OK to use
unregister
in content for
developers.
Yes
No
unwanted software
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
upgrade
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe replacing an installed version of a product with a newer
version of the same product. Use as a noun to describe the process of upgrading
software.
Don't use
upgrade
as a synonym for
update,
service pack,
or any other release that
occurs between product versions.
Examples
Upgrade qualified Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 devices for free.
The upgrade was successful.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
upload
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as a verb to describe transferring files from a local device to a website, server, or
share.
When you use
upload
as a verb, describe what the customer is transferring
and
where
the customer is transferring it
to.
In grammatical terms, use both a subject (the thing to
be uploaded) and an object (the thing the subject is uploaded to) with the verb
upload.
Example
Upload a document from your computer to this library.
See also
download
,
load
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
UPnP
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't spell out as
Universal Plug and Play
. Don't use as a synonym for
Plug and Play
or
PnP
.
Use
UPnP
as an adjective followed by
certified,
if appropriate, and a specific term, such
as
device, architecture,
or
standards.
Example
This UPnP certified device features ....
Don't use
UPnP
to refer to an uncertified device.
Don't use as a noun by itself. For example, don't say,
UPnP is an architecture for
pervasive peer-to-peer network connectivity.
Rephrase the sentence as,
The UPnP
architecture enables pervasive peer-to-peer network connectivity.
For other guidelines, see the
Open Connectivity Foundation website
.
See also
Plug and Play, plug and play
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
upper left, upper right
Article
•
06/24/2022
Hyphenate as adjectives. Use instead of
top left
and
top right
.
Example
The upper-right corner
Accessibility note
Don't use directional terms (
left, right, up, down
) as the only clue to
location. Individuals with cognitive impairments might have difficulty interpreting them,
as might people who are blind and use screen-reading software. It's OK to use a
directional term if another indication of location, such as
in the
Save As
dialog box, on
the
Standard
toolbar,
or
in the title bar,
is also included. Directional terms are also OK to
use when a sighted user with dyslexia can clearly see a change in the interface as the
result of an action, such as a change in the right pane when an option in the left pane is
selected.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
uppercase
Article
•
06/24/2022
Most of the time, use
capital letters
instead of
uppercase.
It's OK to use
uppercase
when
comparing with
lowercase
or to follow the UI.
One word. Don't use
uppercase
as a verb. Don't use
uppercased
.
When using
uppercase
and
lowercase
together, don't use a suspended hyphen (as in
upper- and lowercase
). Spell out both words instead.
Examples
Change all the lowercase letters to uppercase.
Change the case of both lowercase and uppercase letters.
Yes
No
upsize
Don't use
.
Use
scale up
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
upward
Use instead of
upwards.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
URI
A uniform resource identifier (URI) is a series of characters that identify a resource. A
URL
is a
type of URI.
Guidelines
In content for a general audience, use
resource ID
rather than
URI
unless you need to
match the interface.
In content for a technical audience, you don't need to spell out
URI
on the first mention.
If you need to spell out the term, use lowercase.
Use
a,
not
an,
as an article before
URI
.
Use
of
(not
for
) to describe the relationship of the word
URI
to a resource.
Example
Copy the URI of the resource that you created.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
URL
Article
•
06/24/2022
In content for a general audience, use
address
rather than
URL
. In content for a technical
audience, don't spell out
URL
on the first mention. If you have a reason to spell out URL,
use
uniform
resource locator
. Use
a,
not
an,
as an article preceding
URL
.
Use
of
(not
for
) to describe the relationship of the word
URL
to a resource.
Example
Search results include the URL of the page.
See also
URLs and web addresses
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
US
Article
•
06/24/2022
It's OK to use
US
as an abbreviation for
United States
as an adjective and when space is
limited. Spell out
United States
as a noun except when third-party, legally required
content specifies otherwise.
Don't use
USA,
U.S.,
or
U.S.A.
If you use the abbreviation, you don't have to spell out
United States
on the first
mention.
Yes
No
usable
Use instead of
useable.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
USB
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
use terms
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use to mean
license terms.
See
Microsoft Software License Terms
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
user, end user
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use
end user
.
Avoid
user
when you can. Use
audience,
customer, person, people, employee, coworker,
or
you
instead.
It's OK to use
user
in content for developers to distinguish the technology developer
from the technology user. It's also OK to use
user
in content for technology
professionals to distinguish the system administrator from the system users.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
user rights
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
user rights
only to refer to Windows security policies that apply to individual user
accounts or administrative groups. The system administrator manages user rights
through the User Rights Assignment snap-in. User rights are
assigned,
not
granted
or
allowed
.
When you refer to a named user right, use sentence-style capitalization and bold
formatting for the name itself.
If an operation requires that the user be signed in to an account that's a member of a
specific administrative group, refer to the group instead of to the associated user rights.
Don't use
privilege
as a synonym for
user right
.
Examples
You must have the
Perform volume maintenance tasks
user right to perform this task.
You must be signed in as a member of the Administrators group to perform this task.
See also
permissions
,
rights
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
using, by using, with
Article
•
06/24/2022
In instructions or technical content, use
by using
or
that use
to eliminate ambiguity.
Examples
Refine your pictures by using the photo editor.
Azure DNS is a hosting service that uses Azure infrastructure to provide DNS name
resolution.
Don't use
with
as a synonym for
using
or
by using.
It's OK to use
with
in marketing
contexts and with product and service names.
Example
With OneDrive, you can share your favorite things across your favorite devices, including
PCs, Macs, tablets, and phones.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
utility
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use.
See
add-in, add-on
app, application
applet
tool
Control Panel
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
value axis
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Don't hyphenate.
Usually refers to the vertical axis in 2D charts and graphs, which shows the values being
measured or compared. Refer to it as the
value (y) axis
on the first mention. On
subsequent mentions, use
y-axis
. It's OK to use
vertical (y) axis
in content for a general
audience.
Don't use italic formatting for the
y
in
y-axis
unless the entire word is italic.
In 3D charts, the z-axis is usually the value axis.
See also
category axis
,
z-axis
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
versus, vs.
Article
•
06/24/2022
In headings, use the abbreviation
vs.,
all lowercase. In text, spell out as
versus
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
video call, videoconference
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
video call,
not
videoconference,
when you need to be specific. Otherwise, it's OK to
use
call
or
meeting
.
In a verb phrase, follow the UI or use
start a video call, join a video call, participate in a
video call,
or
end a video call
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
video card
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
video card
instead of
video adapter,
display adapter,
graphics adapter
,
graphics card
,
or
graphics board.
Yes
No
video display
Don't use.
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
video driver
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
video driver
instead of
display driver
or
graphics driver.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
video game, video-game
Article
•
06/24/2022
Two words as a noun. Hyphenate as an adjective.
Examples
Tips for playing your video game
Video-game tips
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
virtual
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to refer specifically to a device or service that appears to be something it's not
or that doesn't physically exist. For example, a
virtual machine
isn't an actual computer;
it's something that emulates one.
Don't use in content for a general audience.
Examples
Each Azure service is supported by a different type of virtual machine.
virtual desktop
virtual memory
virtual root
virtual server
Yes
No
virtual agent
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
virtualize
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use in content for a general audience.
In content for a technical audience, it's OK to use
virtualize
sparingly to mean creating a
virtual implementation. For example, it's OK to use
virtualize storage
to refer to creating
virtual storage.
Don't use as a synonym for
simulate
.
Yes
No
visit
To describe opening or switching to a website or webpage, use
go to
in most cases.
It's OK to use
visit
in the context of a website or webpage if you're using a tone that's meant to
imply:
More of a suggestion than a required action.
The intention of staying for a while and browsing around, rather than viewing specific
information.
Examples
For information about billing, go to the pricing page.
Visit the product website to learn about offerings, get advice, and more.
See also
Describing interactions with the UI
Last updated on 07/06/2026
voice user interface (VUI)
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
voice-activated device
See
AI and bot term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
voicemail
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word. Don't abbreviate as
v-mail
or
vmail
.
Use to refer generically to a voicemail app, to refer collectively to messages, or to refer
to an individual message. If necessary to distinguish these meanings, use
voicemail
message
or
message
to refer to an individual voicemail.
Don't use as a verb. Use
leave a voicemail
or
leave a message
instead.
Examples
You have two new voicemails.
To respond to the caller with a message ....
Yes
No
vulnerability
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
W3C
Don't spell out.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
want
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use instead of
wish
or
desire
when the customer has a choice of actions. Don't use when
you mean
need,
which indicates a requirement or obligation.
Example
Select
PC info
if you want to find out what version of Windows you're running.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
we
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, don't use. Focus on the customer, and avoid making Microsoft the subject.
It's OK to use phrasing like
we recommend
if it helps you avoid awkward phrasing like
it's
recommended,
but write around it if you can.
Examples
The scheduled default setting is the easiest way to keep your computer up to date.
(Instead of
We recommend that you use the scheduled default setting ....)
Select the people you want to give permission to. We'll verify their identities before
opening the document.
In September, we took a major step forward in introducing Windows 10 to our
enterprise customers.
See also
Microsoft
Yes
No
wearable, wearable device
See
Computer and device term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
web, World Wide Web, WWW
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase
web
as a modifier except to match UI or in feature names that include
web.
Avoid the phrase
World Wide Web.
Use
the web
instead.
Lowercase
www
in URLs and internet addresses.
Use
on
to refer to material existing on the web. Use
to
or
on
to refer to the action of
creating and publishing something
to the web
or
on the web.
The following terms that include
web
are one word:
webpage
website
webcam
webcast
webmaster
webzine
The following terms that include
web
are hyphenated:
web-centric
web-based
web-enabled
The following terms that include
web
are two words:
web address
web app
web browser
web content
web crawler
web document
web folder
web part
See also
URLs and web addresses
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
web services
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
web services
to refer to protocols and data formats, like XML, SOAP, and WSDL, that
provide the means for integrating web-based apps.
Don’t use
web service
or
web services
to refer generally to apps and services that you
access online. Instead, mention the service by name or use
service
or
services
instead.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
wellbeing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Do not use
well-being
, but
wellbeing
. Do not hyphenate.
Example
MyAnalytics gives you insights into your work patterns around focus, network,
wellbeing
,
and collaboration over the past four weeks.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
where
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use to introduce a list, as in code or formulas, to define the meaning of elements such
as variables or symbols.
Example
Use the following formula to calculate the return, where:
r
= rate of interest
n
= number
of months
p
= principal.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
while
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use only to refer to something occurring in time. Don't use as a synonym for
although,
whereas, on the contrary,
or
in spite of
.
Examples
We're having trouble getting this info right now. Check back in a little while.
Although the icon indicates that the print job is finished, you might have to wait until a
previous job is finished.
Yes
No
white hat hacker
See
Security term collection
Last updated on 07/06/2026
white paper
A white paper is a research-based report that offers a focused description of a complex topic,
usually involving a product or a study of its industry.
Use two words.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
white space
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
whitelist
Never use
whitelist
. Use
allow list
instead.
For more specific usage,
safe senders list
can be used.
Examples
You can use
safe senders lists
to help with false positives.
The
allow list
is a list of digits that will not be blocked by the app.
Last updated on 01/15/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
who vs. that
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
who
instead of
that
to introduce clauses referring to people.
Example
Custom Setup is the best choice for customers who want to alter the standard Windows
configuration.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Wi-Fi
Article
•
06/24/2022
Try to use a general phrase instead, such as
wireless network,
or refer to the specific
technology that you're describing, such as
wireless LAN
.
Wi-Fi
is a proper noun and a registered trademark. Capitalize and hyphenate when
referring specifically to Wi-Fi technologies. Don’t use
WiFi, wifi,
or
Wifi
. Don’t include the
registered trademark symbol (®).
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
wildcard character
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
wildcard character,
not just
wildcard,
to describe a character used to represent one
or many characters, such as the asterisk (*) or question mark (?).
Wildcard
is one word.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
window
Article
•
06/24/2022
Don't use as a verb.
See also
Describing interactions with UI
,
Formatting text in instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Windows, Windows-based
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
Windows
as a modifier for aspects or elements of the Windows operating system.
Don't use
Windows-based.
It's OK to use
Windows user
sparingly to avoid awkward constructions, but try to avoid
user
in general.
Examples
Windows app
Windows device
the Windows Recycle Bin
a device running Windows
See also
user, end user
,
runs vs. runs on
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Windows 10, Windows 11
Article
•
02/26/2024
Always use the entire name. Don't precede the name with
Microsoft.
Yes
No
Windows Explorer
Don't use.
See
File Explorer
Last updated on 07/06/2026
wireframe
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
wireless
Article
•
06/24/2022
Avoid talking about wireless technology to general users except in the context of
connecting to a network. Even in that context, whenever you can, discuss connecting to
the internet without referring to the technology.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
wizard
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, don't use the term
wizard
unless it appears in the UI. Instead, talk about what
the customer needs to do to accomplish the task.
It's OK to use
wizard
in content for a technical audience that discusses how to develop
wizards.
Use lowercase for the generic term
wizard
. Capitalize
wizard
if it's part of a feature name
that appears in the UI. (This is uncommon.)
If you need to refer to an individual screen in a wizard, call it a
page
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
word processing, word-processing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
word processor
or
word processing
as a noun.
Hyphenate
word-processing
as an adjective.
Don't use
word process
or
word processing
as a verb. Use
write, format
, or another term
instead.
Yes
No
wordwrap, wordwrapping
Don't use.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
work area, workspace
Article
•
06/24/2022
Work area
is two words.
Workspace
is one word.
In general, don't discuss UI. Instead, talk about what the customer wants to do.
If it's necessary to describe UI, use
workspace
to refer to the area within a window where
the customer interacts with the UI.
Use
work area
only when the term has a specific meaning in a particular product.
Yes
No
work style
Two words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
workgroup
One word.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
working memory
Don't use. Use
available memory
instead.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
workstation
Article
•
06/24/2022
One word.
Avoid except in discussions of clients and servers.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
workstream
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use as one word without a hyphen.
Examples
Workstreams
are channels within a team that aid the team in organizing their work.
Each channel represents a different topic or
workstream
within the overall team.
Creating channels is a great way to organize conversations and files by
workstream
or
subject.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
worldwide vs. international
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
worldwide
to describe something that encompasses all regions or involves the
entire world. It's OK to use
global
to mean
worldwide
.
Examples
Get one month of free, worldwide calling.
OneNote Mobile for Android is now available in more than 20 markets worldwide.
Ensuring global acceptability in the usability of our products along with local relevance
(world readiness).
Don't use
international
in the context of something that encompasses the entire world
as it can imply a US-centric worldview.
Don’t use
international
to mean “outside the United States.” Instead, refer to a specific
region or use wording that describes what you mean.
Examples
In the first half of 2016, Azure achieved new certifications in Japan, Spain, and the
United Kingdom and expanded certifications in seven other regions. Microsoft is driving
the transformation of business and industry across Europe and around the world.
See also
global
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
write-only
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate.
See also
read/write, read/write permission
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
write-protect, write-protected
Article
•
06/24/2022
Always hyphenate.
Use
write-protect
as a verb. Use instead of
lock
to refer to the action of protecting disks
from being overwritten.
Use
write-protected
as an adjective.
Examples
to write-protect a disk
a write-protected disk
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
x
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use a lowercase
x
in italic type as a placeholder number or variable.
Don't use
x
to refer to a generic, unspecified number. Use
n
instead.
Don't use
x
in place of a multiplication sign.
See also
n
,
multiplication sign (×)
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
x-axis
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Hyphenate.
On the first mention, use
category (x) axis
to refer to the horizontal axis in charts and
graphs that shows the categories being compared. On subsequent mentions, use
x-axis.
It's OK to use
horizontal (x) axis
in content for a general audience.
Don't use italic formatting for the
x
in
x-axis
unless the entire word is italic.
See also
value axis
,
category axis
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
x-coordinate
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Hyphenate.
Don't use italic formatting for the
x
in
x-coordinate
unless the entire word is italic.
Yes
No
XON/XOFF
Note capitalization and slash.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
y-axis
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Hyphenate.
On the first mention, refer to the y-axis as the
value (y) axis
. On subsequent mentions,
use
y-axis
. It's OK to use
vertical (y) axis
in content for a general audience.
Don't use italic formatting for the
y
in
y-axis
unless the entire word is italic.
See also
category axis
,
value axis
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
y-coordinate
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Hyphenate.
Don't use italic formatting for the
y
in
y-coordinate
unless the entire word is italic.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
z-
Article
•
06/24/2022
Hyphenate all words referring to entities that begin with
z
used as a separate letter, such
as
z-axis, z-coordinate, z-order,
and
z-test.
Don't use italic formatting for the
z
in these words unless the entire word is italic.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
z-axis
Article
•
06/24/2022
Lowercase. Hyphenate.
In 3D charts, the z-axis shows depth and generally represents values. On the first
mention, refer to the z-axis as the
value (z) axis,
where both the x-axis and y-axis are
category axes. On subsequent mentions, use
z-axis
.
Don't use italic formatting for the
z
in
z-axis
unless the entire word is italic.
See also
value axis
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
zero, zeros
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
zeros,
not
zeroes,
as the plural of
zero
.
When a measurement includes 0, use the plural form of the spelled-out unit of measure.
Examples
0 MB
0 megabytes
See also
Units of measure term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
ZIP Code
Article
•
06/24/2022
It’s OK to use
ZIP Code
in content that's intended for a US audience only. Otherwise, use
postal code.
Capitalize as shown.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
zoom in, zoom out
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use
zoom in
and
zoom out
as generic verbs in instructions for all input methods.
Don't use
dezoom
or
unzoom.
See also
Touch and pen interaction term collection
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Accessibility Guidelines and
Requirements
Article
•
06/24/2022
Microsoft devices and services empower people of all abilities, around the globe—at
home, at work, and on the go—to do the activities they value most.
This section provides an overview of accessibility guidelines:
Writing for all abilities
Colors and patterns in text, graphics, and design
Graphics, design, and media
See also
Accessibility term collection
Learn more
Microsoft Accessibility site
Yes
No
Writing for all abilities
Article
•
01/22/2025
Microsoft style—clean, simple design and crisp, clear content—is easier for all readers to
use, so nearly every writing recommendation in this guide will improve accessibility. Pay
special attention to the following guidelines.
In general, use people-first language (refer first to the person, followed by the disability).
To ensure clarity and consistency, this should be the default unless you know a specific
audience prefers identity-first language. When you must describe specific disabilities or
people with specific disabilities, consult
approved Accessibility terminology
.
Be especially clear and concise
in instructions for product setup, basic features, input
methods, and accessibility features.
Lead with what matters most,
so readers know immediately where to focus their
attention.
Keep paragraphs short and sentence structure simple.
Aim for one verb per sentence.
Read text aloud and imagine it spoken by a screen reader.
Use parallel writing structures for similar things.
For example, use singular nouns for
each top-level heading. Or, use a verb to start each item in a list.
Spell out words like
and, plus,
and
about.
Screen readers can misread or skip text that
uses special characters like the plus sign (+) and tilde (~). See
special characters
for
more detailed information.
Write brief but meaningful link text.
Be descriptive—links should make sense without
the surrounding text.
Distinguish link text visually.
Use redundant visual cues, such as both color
and underline.
Don’t force line breaks
(also known as hard returns) within sentences and paragraphs.
They may not work well in resized windows or with enlarged text.
Put the person first
Write brief, meaningful, and focused text
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Emphasize important points visually and stylistically.
Lists, headings, and tables
reinforce relationships between concepts. Provide a brief description of what a table
contains immediately preceding it in the text, and use concise and specific column
headings.
Use heading levels
instead of text formatting to communicate the hierarchy of content.
Don’t use directional terms as the only clue to location.
Left, right, up, down, above,
and
below
aren’t very useful for people who use screen-reading software. Instead, use
specific language that conveys context, such as “the first item in the following list” or
“on the toolbar.”
In product documentation, document all supported modes of interaction, input
commands, and keyboard shortcuts.
Include mice, keyboards, voice recognition
devices, game controllers, gestures, and other interaction modes.
In procedures and instructions, use generic verbs that apply to all input methods and
devices. Avoid verbs like
click
(mouse) and
swipe
(touch) that don't make sense with some
alternative input methods used for accessibility.
Learn more
Describing alternative input methods
Describing interactions with UI
Use content structure and location to
communicate
Document alternate input methods
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Colors and patterns in text, graphics,
and design
Article
•
06/24/2022
Choose colors and patterns carefully. High contrast may improve readability for people
who have low vision. For people with some types of color blindness, certain color
combinations are difficult to distinguish.
Don’t convey information with color alone.
For example, use both color and underlined
text for links, and use pattern and color to differentiate information in charts and
graphs. Remember that high-contrast personalization themes in Windows alter text
color.
Don’t hard-code colors.
They can become illegible in high-contrast themes.
Choose color combinations with a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1.
Don’t use low-
contrast or hard-to-read color combinations, such as light green and white or red and
green.
Don’t use screens or tints in art.
Don’t use screened or shaded backgrounds, watermarks, or other images behind text.
Reduced contrast makes text harder to read and hinders screen readers.
Yes
No
Alternative text (alt text)
Alternative text (abbreviated as
alt text
) is a textual replacement for images, including graphics,
photographs, charts, and screenshots. Alt text an essential part of accessibility because it
benefits users who can't view or process images. The purpose is to provide an equivalent user
experience by communicating the same basic information that other users gain from looking at
the image.
In your alt text, accurately but concisely convey the image's purpose. Writing good alt text isn't
about describing every detail. It requires interpretation and judgment.
Add alt text to all images that convey important meaning.
Images that are purely decorative don't need alt text. An example is the image of an icon
that immediately follows the icon name in text.
For decorative images in web content, use null alt text (
alt=""
) instead of omitting the
alt
attribute.
Begin alt text with a capital letter. End it with a period, even if it's just a fragment, if doing
so is practical for the image type.
Don't start alt text with a general word such as "Image." Screen readers already announce
images as images. Instead, start by specifying what the image is; for example, a drawing,
photograph, diagram, chart, or screenshot.
Don't use the file name of an image as alt text.
If text is embedded in an image, include it in the alt text if surrounding content doesn't
include that information. You might need to paraphrase if you suspect that screen readers
would have difficulty reading it.
Limit the length to 150 characters. If an image is complex, consider including a detailed
description in the surrounding text or in linked content.
Avoid simply repeating surrounding text in alt text.
If an image has a caption, ensure that the caption and alt text aren't redundant.
General guidelines
If a button or link has an image but no text, the image must have alt text.
Alt text should focus on what the button or link does, not what the image shows.
Don't start the alt text with "Button" or "Link." Screen readers already announce buttons
as buttons and links as links.
If a button or link has both an image and text, it typically doesn't need alt text because it's
just decorative.
Scenario
Appropriate alt
text
Inappropriate alt text
Notes
A procedure in technical
content includes a
screenshot that illustrates
preceding steps by showing
a tab where users enter
information for creating an
account.
Screenshot of the
tab for creating
an account.
Screenshot of the 'Create
an account' tab with
boxes for username,
organization, and
product tier and a Create
button highlighted.
There's no reason to
describe every detail in
the interface because the
procedural steps provide
that information.
The button that opens an
app's user settings has no
text label and is identified
only by a graphic of two
gearwheels.
Open user
settings.
Image of two
interlocking gears, one
larger than the other.
If you simply describe
what the image looks like,
users won't know the
purpose of the button.
A social media post has, as
its main content, a photo
that shows reactions to an
announcement at a product
launch event.
A group of
people smiling,
cheering, and
taking photos of
a speaker.
Photograph from the
launch event.
In this case, the image's
meaning lies in the details
of the photo and what the
people are doing. The alt
text needs to be
descriptive to provide an
equivalent user
experience.
A search button for a
website consists of a
graphic of a magnifying
glass but no label text.
Search this site.
Magnifying glass button
for searching.
What the button does is
more important than what
the button image shows.
Considerations for button and link images
Examples
ノ
Expand table
Scenario
Appropriate alt
text
Inappropriate alt text
Notes
A link for chatting with a
support agent consists of a
photo of woman wearing a
headset but doesn't
provide link text.
Open an online
chat session with
customer
support.
Photo of a smiling
woman wearing a
headset.
The alt text acts as link
text, so what the link does
is more important than
what it looks like.
A link to a product upgrade
page consists of the link
text
Upgrade now
, followed
by a graphic of the product
logo.
(Not applicable.)
Graphic of the product
logo.
The graphic is decorative,
so it doesn't need alt text.
Instead, provide a null
value (
alt=""
).
Graphics, design, and media
Everything you need to know to write effective alt text
Last updated on 04/10/2026
See also
Graphics, design, and media
Websites need to be accessible to everyone. Websites that are accessible to people with
disabilities also support customers with various browsers, settings, and devices or who use
older technologies.
In general, use clean and simple graphic design. Provide alternate ways to get the information
that's conveyed by pictures, multimedia, and image maps.
Keep text within a rectangular grid
for visibility and ease of scanning.
Format tables
according to the
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
.
If you use frames,
provide alternative pages without them.
Don't use scrolling marquees
unless the customer has control over them.
Provide clear descriptions that don't require pictures,
or provide both. Make sure the reader
can get the whole story from either the picture or the written description.
Provide text alternatives for all elements that aren't text but convey important meaning.
These elements might include images (such as graphics, photographs, charts, or screenshots),
audio, video, or animations (including animated GIFs). Here are some examples of text
alternatives:
Alt text for images, unless they're purely decorative. Learn more in
Alternative text (alt
text)
.
Closed captions, transcripts, or descriptions for audio and video content. Video content
requires both closed captions and audio descriptions. If a video has a thumbnail image,
add alt text to the thumbnail.
Detailed descriptions in the surrounding text, or in a separate document that you link to,
for complex elements or images that require long alt text.
Provide text links
in addition to image maps.
Design
Images, image maps, and multimedia
Plan links and image-map links to support Tab key navigation
with bidirectional text.
Last updated on 04/10/2026
Acronyms
Article
•
08/26/2024
Acronyms and abbreviations can have an adverse effect on clarity, voice, and findability.
Although some acronyms are widely understood and preferred to the spelled-out term,
others aren't well known or are familiar only to a specific group of customers.
Always spell out Microsoft product and feature names.
The A–Z word list has guidelines for many common acronyms, and some acronyms are
so widely used that they're in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
In general, include the acronym in parentheses following the spelled-out term. On
subsequent mentions in the same article, page, or screen, you can use the acronym
without spelling it out.
Some acronyms, like
USB, FAQ,
and
URL,
are more well known than the spelled-out term.
Don't spell out the term if the acronym is listed in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
or if
the A–Z word list says to use the acronym without spelling it out. If you're sure your
audience is familiar with an acronym, it's OK to use it without spelling it out.
Examples
Conversation as a platform (CaaP) has the potential to make booking a flight as easy as
sending a text message. Developers are also looking to CaaP to make computing more
accessible to users of all abilities.
Learn how to connect a USB device to your Microsoft Surface.
Don't create acronyms from product or feature
names
Only use acronyms that your audience is
familiar with
If you have to use an acronym, also spell out
the term for clarity
If an acronym will appear only once in your content, just spell out the term. Don't
introduce it in parentheses after the spelled-out version.
Exception
It's OK to use both the spelled-out term and the acronym if both are needed
for SEO, even if the acronym is used only once.
Avoid using an acronym for the first time in a title or heading, unless it's a keyword that
you need to place in the title or heading for SEO. If the first use of the acronym is in a
title or heading, introduce the acronym (in parentheses, following the spelled-out term)
in the following body text.
Lowercase all words in the spelled-out form of an acronym except for proper nouns. The
names of many protocols and specifications are considered proper nouns and are
capitalized when spelled out.
Examples
infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
dynamic-link library (DLL)
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
Which article (
a
or
an
) you use depends on whether you pronounce the acronym like a
word or pronounce each letter.
Examples
a DLL
an ISP
a URL
a SQL database
Add
s
to make an acronym plural
Don't introduce acronyms that are used just
once
Be careful with acronyms in titles and headings
Lowercase the spelled-out term
Use
a
or
an,
depending on pronunciation
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Form the plural of an acronym like you would any other noun. If the acronym stands for
a singular noun, add a lowercase
s
to make it plural. If an acronym stands for a plural
noun, don’t add an
s.
Examples
three APIs
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)
Unless an acronym refers to a person or an organization, avoid using the possessive
form.
Examples
the IDE enhancements
the purpose of the FAQ
the CEO’s blog
Global tip
In machine-translated content, be careful with acronyms that form common
English words, like
RAM.
If the acronym appears outside of the parentheses and without
the spelled-out version, it might be translated incorrectly.
See also
Bits and bytes term collection
,
Units of measure term collection
Avoid the possessive form
Yes
No
Bias-free communication
Article
•
04/18/2024
Microsoft technology reaches every part of the globe, so it's critical that all our
communications are inclusive and diverse.
Use gender-neutral alternatives for common terms.
Use this
Not this
chair, moderator
chairman
humanity, people, humankind
man, mankind
operates, staffs
mans
sales representative
salesman
synthetic, manufactured
manmade
workforce, staff, personnel
manpower
Don't use
he, him, his, she, her,
or
hers
in generic references.
Instead:
Rewrite to use the second person (
you
).
Rewrite the sentence to have a plural noun and pronoun.
Use
the
or
a
instead of a pronoun (for example, "the document").
Refer to a person's role (
reader, employee, customer,
or
client,
for example).
Use
person
or
individual.
If you can't write around the problem, it's OK to use a plural pronoun (
they, their,
or
them
) in generic references to a single person. Don't use constructions like
he/she
and
s/he.
Use this
Not this
If you have the appropriate rights, you can set
other users' passwords.
A user with the appropriate rights can set other
users' passwords.
If the user has the appropriate rights, he can
set other users' passwords.
ノ
Expand table
ノ
Expand table
Use this
Not this
Developers need access to servers in their
development environments, but they don't
need access to the servers in Azure.
A developer needs access to servers in his
development environment, but he doesn't
need access to the servers in Azure.
When the author opens the document ….
When the author opens her document ….
To call someone, select the person's name,
select
Make a phone call
, and then choose the
number you'd like to dial.
To call someone, select his name, select
Make
a phone call
, and then select his number.
If you want to call someone who isn't in your
Contacts list, you can dial their phone number
using the dial pad.
If you want to call someone who isn't in your
Contacts list, you can dial his or her phone
number using the dial pad.
When you're writing about a real person, use the pronouns that person prefers,
whether it's
he, she, they,
or another pronoun. It's OK to use gendered pronouns (like
he,
she, his,
and
hers
) when you're writing about real people who use those pronouns
themselves.
It's also OK to use gendered pronouns in content such as direct quotations and the titles
of works and when gender is relevant, such as discussions about the challenges that
women face in the workplace.
Examples
The skills that Claire developed in the Marines helped her move into a thriving
technology career.
Anthony Lambert is executive vice president of gaming. With his team and game
development partners, Lambert continues to push the boundaries of creativity and
technical innovation.
The chief operating officer of Munson's Pickles and Preserves Farm says, "My great uncle
Isaac, who employed
his brothers, sisters, mom, and dad, knew that they—and his customers—were
depending on him."
Do you have a daughter? Here are a few things you can do to inspire and support her
interest in STEM subjects.
In fictitious scenarios, strive for diversity and avoid stereotypes in job roles.
Choose
names that reflect a variety of gender identities and cultural backgrounds.
In text and images, represent diverse perspectives and circumstances.
Depict a variety
of people from all walks of life participating fully in activities. Be inclusive of gender
identity, race, culture, ability, age, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class. Show
people in a wide variety of professions, educational settings, locales, and economic
settings. Avoid using examples that reflect primarily a Western or affluent lifestyle. In
drawings or blueprints of buildings, show ramps for wheelchair accessibility.
Be inclusive of job roles, family structure, and leisure activities.
If you show various
family groupings, consider showing nontraditional and extended families.
Be mindful when you refer to various parts of the world.
If you name cities, countries,
or regions in examples, make sure they're not politically disputed. In examples that refer
to several regions, use equivalent references—for example, don't mix countries with
states or continents.
Don't make generalizations about people, countries, regions, and cultures,
not even
positive or neutral generalizations.
Don't use slang,
especially if it could be considered cultural appropriation, such as
spirit
animal.
Don't use profane or derogatory terms,
such as
pimp
or
bitch.
Don't use terms that may carry unconscious racial bias or terms associated with
military actions, politics, or historical events and eras.
See
Militaristic language
for
more information.
Use this
Not this
primary/subordinate
master/slave
perimeter network
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
stop responding
hang
Focus on people, not disabilities.
For example, talk about readers who are blind or have
low vision and customers with limited dexterity. Don't use words that imply pity, such as
stricken with
or
suffering from.
Don't mention a disability unless it's relevant. For more
information, see the
Accessibility term collection
.
Inclusive language
Use title-style capitalization for Asian, Black and African American,
Hispanic and Latinx, Native American, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander,
and Indigenous Peoples. Microsoft style is to lowercase multiracial and white.
Learn more
For more information about writing that conveys respect to all people and
promotes equal opportunities, see the
Guidelines for Inclusive Language
from the
Linguistic Society of America.
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
See also
Militaristic language
,
Accessibility guidelines and requirements
,
Global
communications
Yes
No
Militaristic language
Article
•
04/17/2024
Avoid using terms associated with violence and military actions unless you are referring
to physical combat operations.
In the context of cybersecurity at Microsoft, use the following recommendations in the
table of militaristic terms.
Use this
Not this
address; protect against; respond to
combat; fight; eliminate
cyberattack chain
(cyber) kill chain
cyberattacker; bad actor; threat actor
attacker; adversary
impact
blast radius
multilayered approach; defense-in-depth
cybersecurity
defense-in-depth approach
protect; safeguard; defend
guard; ward
secured
locked down
security; protection; defense
fortifications; first line of defense;
frontlines
security teams; security analysts; defenders
frontline analysts
vulnerabilities; points of access; external exposure
external attack surface
Attack
It’s ok to use
attack
if there’s context in front of it describing what kind of attack
it is. For example, say,
Early detection is critical to preventing damage from malware
attacks
instead of
Get protection from sophisticated attacks
.
If there’s no context before attack that describes what kind of attack it is, add
cyber
- in
front of threat so it reads
cyberattack
, all one word, no space, no hyphen.
Example
Uncover and defend against advanced cyberattacks across your entire digital estate.
Defend, defense, and defenses
It’s ok to use
defend
and
defenses
if there’s context in
the same sentence that makes it clear they’re referring to cybersecurity.
ノ
Expand table
Examples
Learn how to defend your cloud and on-premises workloads. Extend your defenses
across endpoints and clouds with Microsoft Security.
External attack surface
It’s ok to use this phrase when discussing external attack surface
management, external attack surface management capabilities, or the product Microsoft
Defender External Attack Surface Management.
Don’t use the phrase
external attack surface
when referring to a customer’s points of
access that are potentially vulnerable to an attack. Use
vulnerabilities
,
points of access
, or
external exposure
instead.
Threat
It’s ok to use
threat
if there’s context in front of it describing what kind of threat
it is.
Example
Explore an integrated identity threat and response solution.
If there’s no context before
threat
that describes what kind of threat it is, add
cyber
- in
front of threat so it reads
cyberthreat
, all one word no space no hyphen.
Example
Identify and remediate cyberthreats in the cloud and on-premises.
Threat intelligence
It’s ok to use
threat intelligence
if the surrounding context makes it
clear it’s related to cybersecurity. Don’t shorten to
threat intel
.
Example
Get actionable insights into new and emerging cyberthreats with dynamic threat
intelligence.
Never use
These terms are overtly militaristic and should never be used in the context of
cybersecurity at Microsoft (though they may be used to refer to physical combat
operations):
air cover
bomb, email bomb, mail bomb, time bomb
enemy, enemies, enemy lines
go on the offensive
invade, invasion
missile, torpedo
nuke, go nuclear
strike
troops
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
See also
Bias-free communication
Yes
No
Capitalization
Article
•
08/26/2024
Microsoft style uses sentence-style capitalization. That means everything is lowercase
except the first word and proper nouns, which include the names of brands, products,
and services. (Microsoft has more than 500 offerings. To help customers recognize, find,
and buy them, reserve capitalization for product and service names.)
Follow these guidelines in Microsoft content:
Use sentence-style capitalization most of the time. That means:
Capitalize the first word of a sentence, heading, title, UI label (such as the name
of a button or checkbox), or standalone phrase.
Capitalize proper nouns. To learn more about proper nouns, see
Nouns and
pronouns
.
Use lowercase for everything else.
Always capitalize the first word of a new sentence. Rewrite sentences that start with
a word that's always lowercase.
Don't use all uppercase for emphasis. (It's OK to use italic sparingly for emphasis.)
Don't use all lowercase as a design choice. Although all uppercase is used
occasionally as a design element, don't use it in text.
Don't use internal capitalization (such as
AutoScale
or
e-Book
) unless it's part of a
brand name.
Don't capitalize the spelled-out form of an acronym unless it's a proper noun.
When words are joined by a slash, capitalize the word after the slash if the word
before the slash is capitalized.
Examples
Country/Region
Turn on the On/Off toggle.
For information on capitalization in hyphenated compound words see
Hyphens
.
Learn more
To learn more about capitalization, see
The Chicago Manual of Style
. If
you're not sure whether to capitalize a term, check the A–Z word list and
Merriam-
Webster Dictionary
.
For information about capitalizing UI labels in instructions, see
Formatting text in
instructions
.
Use sentence-style capitalization in most titles and headings: capitalize the first word
and lowercase the rest.
Exceptions
Proper nouns, including brand, product, and service names, are always
capitalized. If a title or heading includes a colon, capitalize the first word after it.
Titles of blog posts, documentation articles, and press releases use sentence-style
capitalization.
Examples
Watch your favorite HD movies, TV shows, and more
1 TB of cloud storage
Choose the Office version that's right for you
Available for Microsoft partners and commercial and public-sector customers
Can a search engine predict the World Cup winner?
Block party: Communities use Minecraft to create public spaces
Occasionally, title-style capitalization—capitalizing most words—is appropriate. For
example, product and service names, the names of blogs, book and song titles, article
titles in citations, white paper titles, and titles of people (
Vice President
or
Director of
Marketing
) require title-style capitalization. In a tweet, it's OK to use title-style
capitalization to highlight the name of a quoted article.
On the rare occasions when title-style capitalization is required, follow these guidelines:
Always capitalize the first and last words.
Example
A Home to Go Back To
Don't capitalize
a, an,
or
the
unless it's the first word.
Examples
Microsoft on the Issues
The Official Microsoft Blog
Don't capitalize prepositions of four or fewer letters (such as
on, to, in, up, down, of,
and
for
) unless the preposition is the first or last word.
Examples
How to Personalize Windows
To Personalize Windows
Sentence-style capitalization in titles and
headings
Title-style capitalization
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Ryse: Son of Rome
Achieving Excellence in the Classroom Through Technology
OneNote Class Notebooks for Teachers
The Teaching Tool You're Looking For
Don't capitalize
and, but, or, nor, yet,
or
so
unless it's the first word or the last word.
Example
Monitoring and Operating a Private or Hybrid Cloud
Capitalize all other words, including nouns, verbs (including
is
and other forms of
be
), adverbs (including
very
and
too
), adjectives, and pronouns (including
this, that,
and
its
).
Examples
Enterprise Agility Is Not an Oxymoron
This Is All There Is
Teaching Math Over and Over Again, in Less Time Than Before
Capitalize the word after a hyphen if it would be capitalized without the hyphen or
it's the last word.
Examples
Self-Paced Training for Microsoft Visual Studio
Microsoft Management Console: Five Essential Snap-Ins
Five Essential Snap-ins for Microsoft Management Console
Copy-and-Paste Support in Windows Apps
Capitalize the first word of labels and terms that appear in UI and APIs unless
they're always lowercase (for example,
fdisk
).
In programming languages, follow the traditional capitalization of keywords and
other special terms.
See also
Formatting titles
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Chatbots and virtual agents
Article
•
06/24/2022
A virtual agent is a type of bot that can be used to:
Provide information and answers.
Complete tasks like booking meetings or buying tickets.
Before you create a virtual agent, make sure it will add value to the customer
experience.
This type of bot is good for tasks where it's easier to ask for what you want rather than
navigate through a menu or search for keywords. But a bot isn't a human, and there are
some things that it isn't suited for.
Technically speaking, there are two kinds:
One kind is scripted. It can respond only to questions that it was programmed to
understand.
Another uses AI, so it can understand what the customer is telling it, and its
knowledge grows the more it interacts with people.
This section includes guidelines and tips to help you create this type of bot:
Structural and technical considerations
Writing for bots
Care and feeding of the bot
Learn more
Microsoft's AI vision, rooted in research, conversations
Bot Framework documentation
Responsible bots: 10 guidelines for developers of conversational AI
Yes
No
Structural and technical considerations
Article
•
06/24/2022
Until you're sure your bot can reliably interpret conversational cues, it should:
Confirm the customer's intent: "You need to reset your password. Is that right?"
Clarify and disambiguate the customer's input when necessary: "OK, we'll reset
your password. But first, I'd like to know more. Did you forget your password, or
are you concerned that someone else has your password? You can say, "I forgot,"
or "My account is compromised."
Be careful not to overdo it, though. It's better not to annoy the customer with a needless
prompt unless misunderstanding the request could cause damage.
Prompt users with actionable statements and buttons to guide the conversation.
Offer suggestions when the bot is "confused" about what the user's request is.
Break up messages into separate, readable blocks to make the pace of the
conversation feel more natural.
Make sure the bot doesn't respond so quickly that it rushes the customer. Add a
minimum delay if necessary.
The bot should be able to recognize the customer's request, regardless of how it's
phrased.
Clarify intent before acting
Use buttons and other UI structure to keep
users on track
Pace the conversation carefully
Accommodate alternative word order and
incomplete requests
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Mimic the sense of closure typical in human-to-human interaction by wrapping up the
conversation. For example: "Is there anything else I can help you with? [No.] OK, then.
Have a great day!" Having a sense of completion helps the customer feel like there's a
shared goal, reinforces the positive experience, and builds confidence in using the bot.
Conclude the conversation when the request is
resolved
Yes
No
Writing for bots
Article
•
06/24/2022
Tailor the tone of the bot's responses to the context. If it's something serious—like
billing or cybersecurity—be empathetic but brief and straightforward. If it's a more
mundane situation (like creating a new account), the tone can be more relaxed. And a
bot for Xbox can be lighthearted and casual.
See
Microsoft's brand voice
Make sure users know that they're not chatting with a person. For example, have
the bot introduce itself as a virtual support agent. The message can be brief—
research shows that customers are usually aware that they're chatting with a bot.
Explain what the bot's purpose is and what it can and can't do. Good ways of
framing the functionality are suggesting a first task or place to begin, or providing
buttons or shortcuts for the most frequent tasks.
Admit when things get messed up. And have a plan for dealing with the situation.
Plan for common misspellings and errors. These don't derail human-to-human
conversations, and being able to accommodate them will build the user's
confidence in the bot.
There are some questions a bot just won’t have an answer for.
Make it clear to the user that the bot has a very specific role. Don't imply an open-
ended, "Ask me anything" role.
Be prepared for when the bot doesn't know the answer, and have it point the
customer in the right direction.
Decide what conversational cues will prompt the bot to escalate to a human. At
key points in the conversation, let the customer know how they can get help from
a human, if they want to.
Be honest and build trust
Accept—and plan for—the bot's limitations
Keep it simple, and keep it short
Customers abandon a chat when the prompts are lengthy. To keep your writing simple
and straightforward, use the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level feature in Microsoft Word or an
app like Hemingwayapp.com to figure out the grade level of your scripts. In general, the
lower the grade level, the better.
Plan how the bot should respond when users start to play games with it—for example,
asking the same question over and over to test it, using offensive language, or asking
nonsense questions. An appropriate response shows that the bot can be relevant and
helpful, if given a chance. Humor can be effective, but be careful: a humorous response
to an offensive question can backfire.
Invite the user into the conversation on a regular basis by asking questions or
making suggestions.
Respond to the customer in a timely manner. If the bot is taking a while to process
the customer's request, use, "I'm thinking" or the typing indicator to let the
customer know the bot is working on a response.
Boost the relevance of the bot's responses by making them specific to the context.
For example, say, "Here's how you change your privacy settings," not "Here's how
you do that."
The bot is working on behalf of the customer and is there to serve the customer. It's not
there for Microsoft's benefit.
The bot uses
I, me,
and
my
to refer to itself.
When the customer communicates to the bot, they also use
I, me,
or
my.
Make sure
those pronouns appear on buttons, links, or other elements of the bot that the user
selects.
Anticipate mischief
Be a good listener
Remember whose side you're on
Watch your pronouns: I, me, my
Recognize common words
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
People are familiar with words like
help, settings, start over,
and
stop.
Make sure your bot
recognizes and responds to them.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Care and feeding of the bot
Article
•
06/24/2022
Have a plan for maintaining and evolving the bot. What's working and what isn't?
What's your plan for phasing in new and improved features? What can be done better?
How will you know when it's time to retire your bot?
Make it possible for people to give you feedback directly through the bot. Ask if
they got what they were looking for. Give them a way to tell you what they wanted
if the results weren't what they expected.
Label your content blocks in the flow. That way, you can identify the content blocks
that users leave from the most, figure out why, and improve them.
Extend or improve the experience when appropriate. For example, if the customer
gives positive feedback, suggest they rate the app. If the experience didn't meet
their expectations, provide a link to support.
Maintain the bot and evaluate its effectiveness
over time
Learn from customers
Yes
No
Content planning
Article
•
03/24/2025
Great content starts with a plan that begins with these questions.
Who is your audience?
This could be broad—developers, for example—but defining
your audience more specifically will help you refine your plan. Is your audience writing
software? Apps? IT tools? Games? Are they hobbyists, full-time developers, or IT pros
who write code? What development software do they use?
What do they want to accomplish?
Are they deciding whether to buy your product?
Setting up a new computer? Learning new software? Preparing for a migration?
Struggling with a PivotTable? Planning for network security? Is their need urgent? Few
customers come to us to see what’s new. Understanding why they come will help you
satisfy their needs.
What is your business goal for providing the content?
Are you building enthusiasm for
an upcoming product launch? Establishing a competitive position in the marketplace?
Documenting an out-of-band release? Providing support content to accelerate
migration? Although the customer’s goals are paramount, every communication has a
business reason, too.
Do you have time or budget constraints?
If time is of the essence, content you can
create quickly might be best. The budget and the availability of an agency or specialized
resources, like illustrators, designers, and video producers, will help you determine what
content options are realistic.
What kind of content best meets the customer's needs and business goals?
If the
concepts are hard to explain, video or infographics could be just the thing. If the
customer is preparing for a major project, maybe they need checklists and sample
project plans, or a pricing calculator. For breaking news, tweets or a strategic blog post
might be the best approach.
How will the customer find the content?
What search terms will the customer use? Plan
for search keyword optimization; links back to your content; and promotion through
home pages, blogs, newsletters, events, third-party sites, communities, and social media
if appropriate. To learn more, see
Search and writing
.
Where will the customer look for information?
Part of knowing your customers is
understanding where they go for information. If they have a problem, they may look to
product documentation, Microsoft support, or an expert community. For training,
Microsoft Virtual Academy or a video platform like YouTube might be their source. For
tips and tricks, maybe it’s social media and blogs.
What devices will the customer use to experience the content?
Laptops? Tablets?
Phones? Wearable devices? Entertainment consoles? All of those? Plan for a great
experience across devices the customer is likely to use.
Will the content be translated or localized?
If so, plan your content to streamline those
processes and contain costs. To learn more about developing content for translation and
localization, see
Global communications
.
How will you measure success?
Do you have numeric targets for views, clicks, or
downloads? Goals for mentions or backlinks? Targets for lead generation? Planning for
specific objectives up front will help you create content that meets them.
With these questions answered, you can narrow your approach. For example:
If the customer need is immediate, maybe you blog today and create a more
polished article later.
If budget and timeline are tight, you might choose a simple text format.
If the audience is large and the topic complex, a short, professionally produced
video might make sense.
If content will be localized in multiple languages, graphics supported by text might
meet the customer and business need at a lower cost.
Need
Content types
Examples
Complete a simple task or use a
simple feature in an app
UI text
Documentation
Short video
Blog, if it's a common
issue or cool, little-
known feature
Setting up email
Recall and replace sent
messages
5 easy and powerful Excel
features you may not know
about
Complete a complex task or use a
complex feature in an app
UI text
Video
Webcast
Documentation
Tutorial
End-to-end scenarios or
conceptual articles
Try the latest touchpad
gestures
OneNote for (holiday)
planning
Set up Office 365 for
business
Content ideas for specific user needs
ノ
Expand table
Need
Content types
Examples
Technical papers or
articles
Wizard
Getting started with Microsoft
Intune
Get timely communications,
including news, announcements,
event updates, tips, and stories
Blog
Newsletter
OneNote, The Microsoft Office
Blog
Virtual PC Guy’s blog
Get answers and expertise from a
community
Wiki
Forum
TechNet wiki
Exchange Server Forum
Microsoft Answers
Learn a complex or comprehensive
concept or skill
Online training
Tutorial
Technical white paper
Interactive graphics
System architecture
Make and receive calls using
Skype for Business
SharePoint Automation with
DSC
Azure Network Security
(PDF)
Technical diagrams for
SharePoint 2013
Learn or increase knowledge and
skills related to a product, service,
technology, or business concept
Concept papers
E-books
Infographics
Azure Security, Privacy, and
Compliance (PDF)
SharePoint with SQL Server
AlwaysOn
Microsoft Dynamics NAV:
Grow Your Business e-book
Learn product tips and tricks
UI text
Web documentation
Apps
Microblogs (such as X,
formerly known as
Twitter)
Blogs
E-books
Newsletters
Communities
Useful Tips and Tricks to Bring
with You to the Vermintide 2
Beta on Xbox One
Skype: Keeping you connected
on your vacation
Windows 10 Tip: Go back and
forth in time with Timeline
Understand a process
Interactive graphics
Interactive flow charts
Sample workflows
Sample files
What is governance in
SharePoint 2013?
Overview of the upgrade
process for SharePoint 2013
Troubleshoot a problem
Interactive flow chart
UI troubleshooter
How to run the Audio
Troubleshooter in Windows 10
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Design planning
Article
•
06/24/2022
Design is more than a pretty face. It provides a familiar environment for content. Text
length, the use of images, headings, tables, lists, and other writing choices all play a role
in the quality of your readers’ content experience. Writing with design in mind builds
predictability into content, helping readers to navigate it and find what they need.
The time to think about design is before you start writing.
Collaborate with your designer and marketing manager or PM to develop the
content
strategy
.
If you’re working with a designer, meet early and often. Share your outline, your
preliminary drafts, and this style guide. Provide preliminary content early in the process
so you can identify and solve issues in the design or content approach.
If you’re writing for a platform that limits your design choices, such as a blog platform or
website, research proven layout choices and find out where the design is flexible.
If you have options for positioning content elements, place them in the same area on
every page. Tips, procedures, blog rolls, references, definitions, and other distinct
content types are easier to find when they’re located consistently.
Templates provide a well thought out framework for clear and simple communication.
The brand and visual consistency templates bring to content provides predictability to
your readers, so they can focus on what you have to say. Taking advantage of all your
template has to offer will both enhance the customer experience and streamline
modifications you need to make down the road.
Use manual formatting sparingly.
Templates take care of most formatting for you.
You may need a bold or italic phrase now and then, but always use the built-in
styles for headings, subheadings, bulleted lists, tables, and whatever else your
template provides.
Consult with your design partners early
Make layout decisions before you begin
Start with a template
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Use a limited number of styles.
Most content needs just a couple of heading
levels, bulleted and numbered lists, tables, and of course body text. Using three or
fewer styles leads to more streamlined, polished-looking results.
Don’t create new styles or modify existing ones.
New styles complicate design.
You’ll almost always find enough styles in a template to meet the needs of your
communication.
Use styles consistently
for headings, tables, lists, notes, tips, and other text,
throughout your communication.
Don’t fear white space.
Your template probably includes spacing for various text
elements. Use it. Empty space helps the reader focus on what’s important and
makes text seem less daunting. Wide margins, space around graphics, and space
between lines of text all improve readability and can draw attention to particular
text elements—especially if you use white space consistently.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Developer content
Article
•
06/24/2022
Though the content for developers and IT professionals tends to be more technical than
that for a general audience, the fundamentals of
the Microsoft brand voice
still apply. Be
warm and relaxed, crisp and clear, and ready to lend a hand as appropriate for the
context. After all, when they're not coding or managing solutions, developers and IT
pros are some of the very same people who play Xbox and use Office.
Of course, it's OK to assume IT pros and developers bring a fundamental understanding
of programming concepts. So skip the basic knowledge and focus on technology-
specific or product-specific information that helps them achieve their goals.
Two types of content form the foundation of developer documentation: reference
documentation and code examples. Reference documentation provides an encyclopedia
of all the programming elements, such as classes, methods, and properties, that are
available for writing applications. Code examples show how to use those elements.
This section provides guidelines for creating:
Reference documentation
Code examples
It also has
guidelines for formatting developer text elements
.
Yes
No
Reference documentation
Article
•
10/13/2022
Reference documentation provides details about the programming elements associated
with technologies and languages, including class libraries, object models, and
programming language constructs.
Consistency is essential in reference documentation. A standard article design,
predictable headings and structure, and consistent wording help developers find what
they need quickly. Links to articles with related information are also a common feature.
Note
Information such as configuration schemas, compiler options, and error messages
might not follow the guidelines described in this section.
Use the name of a programming element (such as Clear), followed by an element type
(such as Class, Method, Property, or Event). If the name is shared by multiple elements,
add a differentiator, such as the parent element name or the product or technology
name. Differentiators are particularly important in search results, where they help
customers find the article for the correct product or element.
Examples
Clear method
Device.Clear method
Clear method (ADO)
The table lists the information typically provided in reference articles. Not all sections
appear in all reference articles. Sections vary depending on the language, product, or
technology being documented.
Section
Contains
Title and
description
The name of the element and a concise sentence or two describing the
element. If possible, explain what the element does or represents without
repeating the element name.
Example
Article titles
Elements of a reference article
ノ
Expand table
Section
Contains
MoveRecord method (ADO)
Moves the entity represented by a
Record
to another location.
Declaration/syntax
The code signature that defines the element. This section might also
provide usage syntax. If the technology can be used with multiple
programming languages, provide syntax for each language.
Example
Record.MoveRecord (Source, Destination, UserName, Password, Options,
Async)
Parameters
If the element has parameters, provide a description of each parameter
and its data type. If appropriate, indicate whether the parameter is
required or optional and whether it represents input or output. Provide as
much useful detail as possible. Don't just repeat the words in the
parameter name or the data type.
Examples
Source
Optional. A
String
value that contains a URL identifying the
Record
to be
moved. If
Source
is omitted or specifies an empty string, the object
represented by this
Record
is moved. For example, if the
Record
represents a file, the contents of the file are moved to the location
specified by
Destination.
Destination
Optional. A
String
value that contains a URL specifying the location where
Source
will be moved.
UserName
Optional. A
String
value that contains the user ID that, if needed,
authorizes access to
Destination.
Password
Optional. A
String
that contains the password that, if needed, verifies
UserName.
Options
Optional. A
MoveRecordOptionsEnum
value whose default value is
adMoveUnspecified
. Specifies the behavior of this method.
Async
Optional. A
Boolean
value that, when
True
, specifies this operation should
be asynchronous.
Return value
If the element returns a value, describe the value and information about its
data type. If the value is a Boolean that indicates the presence of a
condition, describe the condition.
Example
Section
Contains
A
String
value. Typically, the value of
Destination
is returned. However, the
exact value returned is provider-dependent.
Remarks
Additional information about the element and important details that may
not be obvious from its syntax, parameters, or return value. For example,
you might explain what the element does in more detail, compare it with
similar elements, and identify potential issues in its use.
Example
The values of
Source
and
Destination
must not be identical; otherwise, a
runtime error occurs. At least the server, path, and resource names must
differ.
For files moved using the Internet Publishing Provider, this method
updates all hypertext links in files being moved unless otherwise specified
by
Options.
This method fails if
Destination
identifies an existing object (for
example, a file or directory), unless
adMoveOverWrite
is specified.
Note
Use the
adMoveOverWrite
option judiciously. For example,
specifying this option when moving a file to a directory will delete the
directory and replace it with the file.
Certain attributes of the
Record
object, such as the
ParentURL
property,
won't be updated after this operation completes. Refresh the
Record
object's properties by closing the
Record
, then reopening it with the URL
of the location where the file or directory was moved.
If this
Record
was obtained from a
Recordset
, the new location of the
moved file or directory won't be reflected immediately in the
Recordset
.
Refresh the
Recordset
by closing and reopening it.
Note
URLs using the http scheme will automatically invoke the Microsoft
OLE DB Provider for Internet Publishing. For more information, see
Absolute and Relative URLs
.
Example
A code example that illustrates how to use the programming element. For
more information about writing useful code examples, see
Code examples
.
Requirements or
Applies to
Language or platform requirements for using the element.
Example
Record Object (ADO)
See also
References or links to more information about how to use the element.
References or links to related elements.
Examples
Move Method (ADO)
MoveFirst, MoveLast, MoveNext, and MovePrevious Methods (ADO)
MoveFirst, MoveLast, MoveNext, and MovePrevious Methods (RDS)
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Other information can appear in reference articles as appropriate to the language,
product, or technology. For example, instead of a parameter description as shown in the
preceding table, there can be descriptions of members, methods, property values, and
field values. The following table contains an example of a property value and examples
of exceptions and permissions.
Section
Contains
Property value
A description of the value for a property or field. If the property or field has a
default value, describe that, too. Include the data type of the property value
if applicable.
Example
Property Value
String
Returns or sets a String value representing the current date according to
your system.
Exceptions/error
codes
If the element can throw exceptions or raise errors when called, list them
and describe the conditions under which they occur.
Example
IOException—An I/O error occurred.
ArgumentNullException—
format
is null.
FormatException—The format specification in
format
is invalid.
Permissions
Security permissions that apply to the element, if required.
Example
Requires CREATE FUNCTION permission in the database and ALTER
permission on the schema in which the function is being created. If the
function specifies a user-defined type, requires EXECUTE permission on the
type.
If you automatically generate reference documentation and comments from the source
code, review the quality and appropriateness of the comments. Developers might leave
out details that are important to customers. Remove any implementation or internal
details that aren't suitable for documentation.
Learn more
For other examples of technical reference articles, see the
.NET API Browser
.
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Code examples
Article
•
06/24/2022
Code examples illustrate how to use a programming element to implement specific
functionality. They might include:
Simple, one-line examples interspersed with text.
Short, self-contained examples that illustrate specific points.
Long samples that illustrate multiple features, complex scenarios, or best practices.
Developers use code examples to:
Assess a technology through its API during planning.
Learn or explore a language or technology.
Write and debug code.
Many developers copy example code from documentation into their own code or adapt
code examples to their own needs.
To create useful code examples, identify tasks and scenarios that are meaningful for your
audience, and then create examples that illustrate those scenarios. Code examples that
demonstrate product features are useful only when they address the problems that
developers are trying to solve.
Guidelines for planning code examples
Create concise examples that exemplify key development tasks. Start with simple
examples and build up complexity after you cover common scenarios.
Prioritize frequently used elements and elements that may be difficult to
understand or tricky to use.
Don't use code examples to illustrate obvious points or contrived scenarios.
Create code examples that are easy to scan and understand. Reserve complicated
examples for tutorials and walkthroughs, where you can provide a step-by-step
explanation of how the example works.
Add an introduction to describe the scenario and explain anything that might not
be clear from the code. List the requirements and dependencies for using or
running the example.
Provide an easy way for developers to copy and run the code. If the code example
demonstrates interactive and animated features, consider providing a way for the
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
developer to run the example directly from your content page.
Use appropriate keywords, linking strategies, and other search engine optimization
(SEO) techniques to improve the visibility and usability of the code examples. For
example, add links to relevant code example pages and content pages to improve
SEO across your content. See
Search and writing
.
Guidelines for writing code examples
Design code for reuse. Help developers determine what to modify. Add comments
to explain details, but don't overdo it. Don't state the obvious.
Show expected output, either in a separate section after the code example or by
using code comments within the code example.
Consider accessibility requirements for code that creates UI. For example, include
alternate text for images.
Write secure code. For example, always validate user input, never hard-code
passwords in code, and use code-analysis tools to detect security issues.
Show exception handling only when it's intrinsic to the example. Don't catch
exceptions thrown when invalid arguments are passed to parameters.
Always compile and test your code.
Yes
No
Formatting developer text elements
Consistent text formatting helps readers locate and interpret information. Follow these
formatting conventions for text elements that are commonly used in content for developers.
In general, use code style for programmatic or code-related elements. The following table lists
examples of common programming elements, and some exceptions to the code style convention.
Consider localization needs for the text elements that you're formatting.
The capitalization of developer text elements varies depending on the programming language or
operating environment. When you're documenting code, capitalization should follow what the
code uses.
See also
Capitalization
Formatting common text elements
Formatting text in instructions
Procedures and instructions
Element
Convention
Example
AI prompts
Quotation marks, if you're
referencing prompts in
text.
If prompts appear in a list
and the introductory text
makes clear what those
items are, special
formatting isn't
necessary.
"List all of my subscriptions."
Attributes
Code style.
IfOutputPrecision
Classes (predefined or
user-defined)
Code style.
ios
filebuf
BitArray
BlueTimerControl
Code samples, including
keywords and variables
Code style.
#include
void main ()
ノ
Expand table
Element
Convention
Example
within text and as
separate paragraphs, and
user-defined program
elements within text
Command-line
commands
Code style.
copy
Command-line options
(also known as switches
or flags)
Code style. Capitalize the
way the option must be
typed.
/a
/Aw
Constants
Code style.
INT_MAX
bDenyWrite
CS_DBLCLKS
Control classes
Code style. All uppercase.
EDIT
control class
Data formats
Code style. All uppercase.
CF_DIB
format
Data structures and their
members (predefined)
Code style.
BITMAP
bmBits
CREATESTRUCT
hInstance
Data types
Code style. Capitalization
follows the API.
DWORD
float
HANDLE
Database names
Bold. Code style if using
in code syntax.
Contoso
database
USE ContosoSalesDatabase;
Directives
Code style.
\#include
\#define
Environment variables
Code style.
INCLUDE
SESSIONNAME
Error messages
Sentence-style
capitalization. Enclose in
quotation marks when
you're referencing error
messages in text.
If error messages appear
in a list and the
introductory text makes
clear what those items
An error occurred during report processing.
If you see the error message "Placeholder text in a
content control contains items that aren't valid,"
remove floating objects, revision marks, or content
controls from placeholder text, and try again.
Element
Convention
Example
are, special formatting
isn't necessary.
Event names
Code style.
In the
OnClick
event procedure ....
Fields (members of a
class or structure)
Code style.
IfHeight
biPlanes
File attributes
All lowercase.
The
attrib
command displays, sets, or removes
the read-only, archive, system, and hidden
attributes assigned to files or directories.
File name extensions
All lowercase.
.mdb
.doc
File names (user-defined
examples)
Apply code style if used
in code. Use bold or plain
text if referencing UI.
MyTaxesFor2025
My Taxes for 2025
Folder and directory
names (user-defined
examples)
Apply code style if used
in code. Use bold or plain
text if referencing UI.
MyFiles\Accounting\Payroll\VacPay
Vacation and sick pay
Functions (predefined)
Code style.
CompactDatabase
CWnd::CreateEx
FadePic
Handles
Code style. All uppercase.
HWND
Keywords (language and
operating system)
Code style. Capitalization
follows the API.
main
True
void
Logical operators
Code style.
AND
XOR
Macros
Code style.
LOWORD
MASKROP
Markup language
elements (tags)
Code style.
Mathematical constants
and variables
Italic.
a2 + b2 = c2
Members
Code style.
ulNumCharsAllowed
Methods
Code style.
OpenForm()
Element
Convention
Example
GetPrevious()
New terms
Italicize the first mention
of a new term if you're
going to define it
immediately in text.
Microsoft Exchange consists of both
server
and
client
components.
Operators
Bold. Use code style for
code-related operators.
+, -
sizeof
Parameters
Code style.
Hdc
grfFlagClientBinding
Placeholders (in syntax
and in user input)
Italic when placeholder
element is UI text. Use
angle brackets for code
placeholders when angle
brackets aren't part of the
language syntax.
Enter
password
.
/v:
Ports
All uppercase.
LPT1
Products, services, apps,
and trademarks
Usually title-style
capitalization. Check the
Microsoft trademark
list
for capitalization of
trademarked names.
Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse
Microsoft Word
Surface Pro
Notepad
Network Connections
Makefile
RC program
Properties
Code style.
M_bClipped
AbsolutePosition
Message ID
Registers
Code style.
DS
Registry settings
Subtrees (first-level items)
all uppercase. Separated
by underscores. Usually
code style.
Registry keys (second-
level items) follow the
capitalization of the UI.
Registry subkeys (below
the second level) follow
the capitalization of the
Regedit UI.
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
SOFTWARE
ApplicationIdentifier
Element
Convention
Example
Statements
Code style.
IMPORTS
LIBRARY
Structures
Code style.
ACCESSTIMEOUT
Switches
Code style. Usually
lowercase.
build: commands
UI text or strings
Treatment varies; see
Formatting text in
instructions
. Sentence-
style capitalization.
Import from file
Create a new resource
See all your resources
Manually trigger a flow
Report a bug
URLs
All lowercase for
complete URLs. If
necessary, line-break long
URLs before a slash. Don't
hyphenate. Use code
style if referring to URLs
in code.
See also
URLs and web
addresses
.
www.microsoft.com
www.microsoft.com/download
const url = "https://www.microsoft.com"
User input
Usually lowercase, unless
case sensitive. Bold. Use
italic only for
placeholders.
Enter
hello world
Enter
password
Values
Code style. All uppercase.
DIB_PAL_COLORS
Variables
Usually code style.
bEmpty
m_nParams
file_name
XML schema elements
Code style. Usually
surrounded with angle
brackets.
ElementType
element
Last updated on 04/28/2026
Final publishing review
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use these tips to help you edit like a pro, so your final content and design shine.
Hit the mark.
Review the project brief and customer insights one last time. Did you nail
the objective? Is the value proposition front and center? Are key messages and benefits
clear?
Get a second opinion.
Find someone completely removed from the work to offer
feedback and act as the customer. (Or hire an editor.) No matter how well you write, a
second set of eyes always offers a new perspective. And don’t take suggestions
personally—keep an open mind and be flexible to new ways to get the results you want.
If something trips up your reviewer, get rid of it, no matter how much you like it.
Read your work aloud.
Read it forward, and then backward—one sentence at a time. It
may sound silly, but potential edits will jump out.
Read only the headings, and then only the first sentence of every paragraph.
Do they
tell a story? Are there gaps? Repeated ideas?
Check for keywords in titles and headings.
Titles and headings help readers scan and
help search engines find your content. Make sure you include relevant keywords in the
first few words. While you’re at it, read your first sentence to see if it will make sense as
a search engine description. To learn more, see
Search and writing
.
Search for and remove unnecessary and redundant elements.
Try removing words,
sentences, paragraphs, headings, even entire sections. If you don't miss it, leave it out.
It’s good for your opening paragraph to summarize the piece at a high level. But don’t
repeat phrases verbatim, or include tips or notes found later in the text.
Pay attention to the spell checker.
Those squiggly lines will help you eliminate a lot of
errors. But spell checkers can’t think. It’s up to you to check each suggestion. Otherwise
you might end up saying
manger
where you meant
manager.
Take a break.
Leave the finished piece alone for a day. Read it again tomorrow—you
may see things you missed.
Evaluate the voice and personality.
Before you call it done, read it one final time. Can
you hear the fresh and modern
Microsoft voice
? Your writing should sound warm and
relaxed, crisp and clear, and ready to lend a hand.
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Global communications
Article
•
01/08/2025
Microsoft customers live and work all over the world and speak a variety of languages.
This section will help you write content for worldwide communication.
It's usually safe to assume your content will be read in many countries and by readers
whose primary language isn't English. Some content will probably be translated into
other languages or localized.
Translation
is simply changing the language of content. Translation is often automated
using machine translation.
Localization
is the process of adapting a product or content (including text and other
elements) to meet the language, cultural, and political expectations and requirements of
a specific local market (locale). Localization is done by people who are familiar with the
local language and culture.
This section provides guidelines for supporting worldwide customers who use English
content and for streamlining localization and machine translation. You'll find a few
exceptions to general Microsoft voice and style guidance.
Be curious.
If you write for audiences in particular countries or regions, subscribe to
local email newsletters, visit local websites, and follow local news.
Use these resources:
Microsoft International Style Guides
Plain Language Action and Information Network (United States)
World Time Zones
W3C Internationalization Activity
Read more:
John R. Kohl,
The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clear, Translatable
Documentation for a Global Market
(Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc., 2008).
Edmond H. Weiss,
The Elements of International English Style: A Guide to Writing
Correspondence, Reports, Technical Documents, and Internet Pages for a Global
Audience
(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005).
Learn more about worldwide audiences
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Art
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use these guidelines to create or choose images that are helpful, legal, and inoffensive
throughout the world.
Choose carefully.
Colors may have religious, cultural, or political significance, particularly
colors used on flags or for country- or region-specific holidays. Neutral and brand colors
are usually OK. Your international program manager can provide guidance.
Choose simple or generic images that are appropriate worldwide.
Soccer players and
equipment, generic landscapes and settings, pens and pencils, international highway
signs, and historic artifacts are appropriate images worldwide.
Avoid holiday or seasonal images.
Avoid major landmarks and well-known buildings, which may have legal
protections or be associated with politics or religion.
Social or work situations involving men and women are risky in a few locales.
Don’t use hand signs.
Don’t use art based on English idioms.
Limit graphics and animations online.
In some countries or regions, long page-loading
times can be expensive.
If you use text in graphics, make sure it's easy to edit.
Automatic translation software
won’t translate it. If possible, use captions or describe the graphic in text, instead.
Create descriptive alt text for images,
especially button images, which readers may not
understand.
Store art in a separate file and link to it from within a document
if possible. Localizers
can modify art that isn’t embedded in the document.
Check restrictions on imported content
in countries or regions where the content will
be used. Be especially careful with maps, which may be subject to government review.
Color
Images
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Improper treatment of a disputed area may be illegal in some countries/regions.
Yes
No

Currency
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, lowercase the names of currencies, but capitalize the reference to the country
or region.
Examples
US dollar
Canadian dollar
Hong Kong SAR dollar
Brazilian real
South African rand
Pricing through the Microsoft Online Subscription Program is shown in US dollars.
In a structured list, for example a table that compares available pricing options, it's OK
to capitalize the name of the currency.
Example
When you're referencing specific amounts of money, use the currency code, followed by
the amount, with no space.
Example
The company generated BRL2.89 billion (USD1.42 billion) in net revenue in 2015.
If it's clear which currency you mean, it's OK to use just the symbol. When referring to a
specific amount in euros, use the euro symbol (€), not the word
euros.
Examples
Currency names
Specific monetary amounts
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
One of the largest companies in the United States, Adatum Corporation generated $1.42
billion in net revenue in 2015.
Adatum Corporation generated €1.42 billion in net revenue in 2015.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Examples and scenarios
Article
•
06/24/2022
Fictitious examples that include the names of people, places, or organizations are
potentially sensitive. Use-case scenarios—detailed descriptions of specific customer
interactions with a product, service, or technology—present similar problems. To
globalize examples and use-case scenarios, use these guidelines.
Be sensitive to how use-case scenarios may be perceived
in other cultures. Social
situations, politics, religion, events, holidays, sports, traditions, and legal and business
practices vary worldwide. For example, greeting cards are uncommon in many parts of
the world, and in some cultures men and women don’t touch in public, even to shake
hands.
Avoid mentioning real places altogether,
or use the names of recognizable cities from
different parts of the world. Vary the locales from one example to the next.
Avoid discussing technologies and standards
that aren't used worldwide. Standards
vary, from phone, mobile, wireless, and video to measurement, paper size, character
sets, and text direction. And don’t assume US standards are familiar or relevant to
everyone.
Yes
No
Names and contact information
Article
•
06/24/2022
If you're creating a real or sample form that collects personal information, use these
guidelines.
Names
Use
First name
and
Last name
in forms, or simply
Full name.
If you include a
Middle name
field, make it optional.
Use
Title,
not
Honorific,
to describe words such as
Mr.
and
Mrs.
Not all cultures
have equivalents to some titles used in the United States, such as
Ms.
Addresses
Provide fields long enough for customers to include whatever information is
appropriate for their locale.
Use
State or province
instead of
State.
Fields that might not be relevant everywhere,
such as
State or province,
should be optional.
Use
Country or region
instead of just
Country
to accommodate disputed territories.
It's OK to use
Country/Region
if space is limited.
Include a field for
Country or region code
if you need information for mailing
between European countries or regions. It's OK to use
Country/Region code
if
space is limited.
Use
Postal code
instead of
ZIP Code.
Allow for at least 10 characters and a
combination of letters and numbers.
Provide enough space for long phone numbers.
It's not appropriate in some markets and cultures to address the customer by name—for
example, in an email or product home page.
Forms that collect information
Communications that use the customer's name
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
If you're working on content that addresses the customer by name, confirm that the app
can reliably determine what region the customer is in and can use the form of address
that's appropriate for that market.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Time and place
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use the following guidelines when talking about time and place.
Begin calendars on Mondays, which is the custom in much of the world.
Use the date format
month dd, yyyy.
Don’t use numerals to represent months. For
example, use January 5, 2018.
Include the time zone when it matters to customers, such as in an event listing. In
time stamps that automatically display the customer's local time, you don't need to
include the time zone.
Don’t refer to seasons if you can avoid it. Talk about months or calendar quarters
instead. If you must mention a specific season, establish the hemisphere, too.
(Summer in the northern hemisphere is winter in the southern hemisphere.)
In event locations, include the country or region name.
See also
Date and time term collection
Dates
Time
Seasons
Places
Yes
No
Web, software, and HTML
considerations
Article
•
06/24/2022
Web content attracts a worldwide audience. When you develop websites, keep in mind
that customers may not have the latest browsers, broadband internet access isn't
available everywhere, and internet service providers don't always charge a flat monthly
rate for access. Follow these guidelines to support customers around the world.
Support browsers likely to be used by worldwide audiences. To support earlier
versions of browsers, you might need to:
Provide a no-frames version.
Avoid certain elements in scripts.
Include some design information (such as background color) in the document files
instead of the style sheet.
Avoid nested tables.
Test using a variety of browsers and versions.
Design content so fonts will be substituted if the specified font isn't available.
Avoid
hand-drawn fonts and fonts that are hard-coded in text or code.
Use standard HTML tags, not proprietary tags.
If you’re developing HTML text with
scripted code, globalize text that’s generated by the scripts, too.
Use the simplest possible design solutions.
Keep pages as small as possible,
and include text-only versions for larger content.
Internet service charges still vary greatly by locale and access method.
Design pages so text loads first,
followed by graphics, so pages are usable before
they're finished loading.
Support a variety of browsers and experiences
Minimize download time
Support reading from right to left or from top to bottom.
For example, provide key
information, such as home page links, at both the upper-right and upper-left sides of
the page.
Allow space for text expansion due to localization.
Follow laws pertaining to software restrictions.
Pay particular attention to downloads
and multiproduct DVDs.
US law restricts the international delivery of certain information and technology.
Verify that the download complies with US law.
Be aware of local download restrictions. The distribution of marketing statements;
political statements; and the names of people, places, and landmarks is restricted
by law in some countries and regions. Verify that the download is legal in the
country or region.
Verify availability.
Some products and formats aren't available worldwide. Localized
versions of new and updated products and formats may lag behind US availability.
Link only to sites that are available and useful worldwide.
Link to a site where the reader can specify the appropriate country or region,
if
possible.
Identify links and cross-references that aren’t globally relevant.
If you must link to a
site or refer to a publication that’s not globalized, inform your readers.
Monitor subscriptions to your newsletter to determine the reader's location.
Newsletters emailed to people outside the United States must be globalized, localized,
or customized to meet local requirements.
Support multiple languages
Comply with US and local laws as well as
software availability
Globalize links
Know where your email is going
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Writing tips
Article
•
06/14/2023
Content that’s easy to read tends to be easy to localize and translate. If you follow the
writing recommendations in this style guide, you’re off to a great start. Pay particular
attention to:
Word choice
Grammar and parts of speech
Punctuation
These practices will help localizers and customers.
Write short, simple sentences.
Punctuating a sentence with more than a few commas
and end punctuation usually indicates a complex sentence. Consider rewriting it or
breaking it into multiple sentences.
Replace complex sentences and paragraphs
with lists and tables.
Include
that
and
who
.
They help to clarify the sentence structure.
Examples
Inspect the database to verify that all tables, data, and relationships were correctly
migrated.
Select the checkbox of each folder that you want to sync with your desktop.
Include articles,
such as
the.
Articles help readers and translation software identify the
nouns and modifiers in a sentence.
Examples
Empty the container.
The empty container
If necessary for clarity, include verbs
in short headings and UI labels. For example, say
Access is denied
instead of
Access denied.
Use sentence-style capitalization.
Capitalize proper nouns only, including trademarks
and the names of products.
Avoid idioms, colloquial expressions, and culture-specific references.
They can be
confusing for non-native English speakers and hard to localize. Consider the worldwide
Tips for all global content
implications of what you write. Customers in other locales may not know much about
the history and culture of your country.
Avoid modifier stacks.
Long chains of modifying words are confusing even to native
English speakers. For example, say "Your migration will proceed more smoothly if you
have a project plan that's well thought out," not "With an extremely well thought-out
Windows migration project plan, your migration will go more smoothly."
Use active voice and indicative mood
most of the time. Use imperative mood in
procedures.
Keep adjectives and adverbs close to the words they modify.
Pay particular attention
to the placement of
only.
Avoid linking more than three phrases or clauses
by using coordinate conjunctions
such as
and,
or,
or
but.
Better yet, avoid linking more than two.
Writing style affects the quality of machine translation. These tips will help you write text
that's more likely to be translated accurately by machine translation. Follow these
guidelines for technical content, instructions, white papers, and other content that has
high business value but won't be localized.
Use conventional English grammar and punctuation.
Try to balance a friendly voice
with clear, accurate English.
Use simple sentence structures.
Write sentences that use standard word order (that is,
subject + verb + object) whenever possible.
Use one word for a concept, and use it consistently.
Avoid using synonyms to refer to
the same concept or feature. And don’t use the same word to refer to multiple concepts
or features.
Limit your use of sentence fragments.
Sentence fragments can be hard to translate.
Use words ending in
–ing
carefully.
A word ending in
–ing
can be a verb, an adjective,
or a noun. Use the sentence structure and optional words to clarify the role of the
–ing
word.
Use words ending in
–ed
carefully.
A word ending in
-ed
can be a modifier or part of a
verb phrase. Use the sentence structure and optional words to clarify the role of the
–ed
word.
Additional tips for machine translation
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Add a determiner (
a, an, the, this
) before or after the
–ed
word.
Example
They have
an
added functionality.
Add a form of the verb
be
.
Example
Configure limits for the backup
that are based
on the amount of storage space
available.
Split the sentence in two.
Example
Configure limits for the backup. These limits should be based on the amount of
storage space available.
Rewrite the sentence to avoid the
–ed
word.
Example
Configure limits for the backup.
Base the limits
on the amount of storage space
available.
Use only common abbreviations,
such as
USB
, and abbreviations that are defined in
glossaries. Check with a localization expert to find out if an acronym is defined.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Grammar and parts of speech
Article
•
06/24/2022
Simple grammar tends to be easy to read and understand, like a conversation. That
basic grammar you learned before you were 12 is probably just right for most Microsoft
content.
This section covers common grammatical issues:
Verbs
Person
Nouns and pronouns
Words ending in
–ing
Prepositions
Dangling and misplaced modifiers
Learn more
For more information about grammar and parts of speech, see
The Chicago
Manual of Style
.
Yes
No
Verbs
Article
•
03/24/2025
Using precise verbs in the right way helps you write clear and simple sentences.
In the present tense, the action is happening now. The present tense is often easier to
read and understand than the past or future tense. It’s the best choice for most content.
Examples
The Windows Start screen is uniquely yours, personalized with your favorite apps,
people, photos, and colors.
Windows Update installs important updates automatically.
The mood of a verb expresses the writer’s intent. Most of the time, use the indicative
mood. It’s crisp and straightforward without being bossy. Don’t switch moods within a
sentence.
Mood
Use for
Examples
Indicative
Statements of fact, questions, assertions, and
explanations—most Microsoft content.
Style sheets are powerful tools for
formatting complex documents.
Imperative
Instructions, procedures, direct commands,
requests, and headings for columns that list
customer actions.
Enter a file name, and then save
the file.
To do this Select this
Subjunctive
Wishes, hypotheses, and suggestions—avoid.
We recommend that you be
careful about opening email
attachments.
Voice is either active or passive. Keep it active whenever you can.
In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action.
In passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action.
Verb tense
Mood of verbs
ノ
Expand table
Active and passive voice
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Voice
Uses
Examples
Active
Most Microsoft content
Divide your document into as
many sections as you want.
Office 365 includes the Office 2016
apps for PC and Mac.
Passive
Avoiding condescending text or blaming
the customer, especially in errors, warnings,
or notifications
Avoiding awkward constructions
Emphasizing the receiver of the action
That site can’t be found. Double-
check the site address in the
Address bar.
When the user clicks
OK
, the
transaction is committed. (in
content for developers)
Verbs have singular and plural forms. Use the verb form that agrees with the subject of
the sentence in number.
When the subject is
The verb is
Examples
A group of things
Singular
A variety of games is available from
Microsoft Store.
Two or more singular things
connected by
and
Plural
Facebook and Instagram are available
from Microsoft Store.
Two or more singular things
connected by
or
Singular
Your tablet or phone is all you need to
play your favorite games on the go.
A singular thing and a plural
thing connected by
or
Singular or plural, to
match the closest subject
Skype or social media apps are
available from Microsoft Store.
Social media apps or Skype is available
from Microsoft Store.
ノ
Expand table
Verb agreement
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Person
Article
•
06/24/2022
In grammar,
person
refers to the point of view represented by a statement and
determines which pronoun to use.
In second person, you write as though you're speaking to the reader. The second person
often uses the personal pronoun
you
or
your
, but sometimes the word
you
is implied. It
supports a friendly, human tone and helps avoid passive voice by focusing the
discussion on the reader. Omit
you can
whenever the sentence works without it.
In product UI, avoid using you and your in ways that sound like we're commanding
people to do something rather than providing options for them to make their own
choices.
However, when AI-generated content is used, we should use past tense (to express
action done behind the scenes) by explicitly saying “for you” or by using words that
convey uncertainty or subjectivity (to express that a judgment was applied that may or
may not be correct).
Examples
Check if you have local admin rights.
Depending on your choice, some features may be turned off by default.
Change your settings
Suggested for you
In first person, you write as though you’re speaking from the reader’s point of view.
Marketing and support documentation should never use first person singular. However,
it may be used inside our product experiences. First-person singular pronouns can be
used in product UI to show someone’s control over an action in checkbox, button, or
toggle labels.
In general, use second-person pronouns (you,
your)
Use singular first-person pronouns sparingly (I,
me, my)

Examples
Notify me when a new Bluetooth device tries to connect to my computer
Remember my password
I agree to the terms of service
Exception
In rare cases, it’s OK to use “my” in navigation or filter labels if you need to
distinguish a person’s content from other content that may be presented in the same
visual space.
Exception
Cortana is a persona, so the use of
I
is appropriate.
First-person plural, which often uses the pronoun
we,
can feel like a daunting corporate
presence—the opposite of Microsoft's modern voice. It's OK to use phrasing like
we
recommend
if it helps you avoid awkward phrasing like
it's recommended,
but write
around it if you can. Try to keep the focus on the customer, not Microsoft. It’s OK to use
we in privacy and security settings where you need to make clear Microsoft is the
speaker.
Examples
Notify scheduled default setting is the easiest way to keep your computer up to date.
(Instead of
We recommend that you use the scheduled default setting ....
)
Change your password (Instead of
We recommend that you change your password.
)
Avoid plural first person (we, us)
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
We protect your privacy at every step.
That didn’t work. Try again. (Instead of
We weren’t able to run the Solution Checker. Try
running it again.
)
Allow Microsoft to contact you about this feedback
Yes
No
Nouns and pronouns
Article
•
08/26/2024
Proper nouns are one of a kind—unique people, places, and things. Capitalize proper
nouns wherever they occur.
Proper nouns include:
Names and titles of individuals.
Unique, named places, organizations, events, shows, corporate and philanthropic
programs, and other things.
Product, service, app, and tool names.
Trademarks.
Titles of books, songs, and other published works.
Managed standards, such as Bluetooth.
If there's more than one of a thing, it's a common noun. For example, there are lots of
chief operating officers, so
chief operating officer
is a common noun. There's only one
Chief Operating Officer Latasha Sharp,
so that's a proper noun.
Don't capitalize common nouns unless they begin a sentence or the situation calls for
title-style capitalization. Most technology concepts, product categories, devices, and
features are common nouns, not proper nouns. Examples of common nouns include
cloud computing, smartphone, e-commerce,
and
open source.
Capitalize technology terms as proper nouns only when:
You need to distinguish a component or product, such as SQL Server, from a
general technology with a similar name, such as an SQL database server.
The terms are typically capitalized in the industry. Search
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
,
reputable internet sites, and industry-specific dictionaries. Don't rely
on unedited websites.
If you're not sure whether a term is a proper noun (and thus capitalized) or a common
noun (lowercase), check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
,
and the A–Z word list. Default to
lowercase unless there's a compelling reason to capitalize the term.
Capitalization and proper nouns
Learn more
For guidelines for sentence-style and title-style capitalization, see
Capitalization
.
Some nouns can be challenging to use in the plural. The simple rules that follow will
help.
To check the spelling of plural forms of words derived from Latin and Greek that retain
their Latin or Greek endings (typically
-a, -us, -um, -on, -ix,
or -
ex
), see specific entries in
the A–Z word list and
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
Noun
Plural form
Examples
Common and proper
nouns ending in
s
If the noun ends in
s,
add
es.
the Johnsons
the Joneses
biases
Singular
abbreviation
Add an
s,
even if the abbreviation ends in
s.
ISVs
DBMSs
Plural abbreviation
If an abbreviation already represents a plural, don't
add an
s.
MFC
(Microsoft
Foundation
Classes)
Single letter
Add an apostrophe and an
s.
The letter itself (but not the apostrophe or the
ending
s
) is italic.
x
's
Number
Add an
s.
the 1950s
Variable
Don't add
(s)
to a word to indicate that it could be
either singular or plural unless you have no other
choice. Use the plural form instead.
Wait for
x
minutes.
Don't use gendered pronouns in generic references. Instead, rewrite—for example, use
the second person (
you
).
Or refer to a person's role (
customer, employee,
or
client
). It's OK to use
he
,
she
, or
they
when you're writing about real people who use those pronouns themselves.
Plural nouns
ノ
Expand table
Pronouns and gender
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
They
can be used as a non-binary pronoun for a singular person instead of a binary
pronoun (
she
or
he
).
For more guidelines about how to write using gender-neutral pronouns, see
Bias-free
communication
.
Collective nouns like
company
take a singular pronoun. Don't use a plural pronoun (like
they
) for a collective noun.
Examples
Meet with up to 250 people. All they need is a phone or internet connection.
The company upgraded its cloud storage solution to Microsoft Azure.
Exception
If the emphasis is on the individuals in a group, it's OK to use a plural
pronoun with a singular noun.
See also
Person
.
Pronouns and collective nouns
Using pronouns in product UI
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Words ending in -ing
Article
•
06/24/2022
A word ending in
–ing
can be a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Use
–ing
words with care.
The sentence should make it clear which role the word plays.
For example, we don’t know whether the heading,
Meeting requirements,
will be a
discussion of how to meet requirements or the requirements for a meeting. These
examples are clearer:
The meeting requirements
Meeting the requirements
The requirements for the meeting
How to meet the requirements
Yes
No
Prepositions
A prepositional phrase is a combination of a preposition and a noun that modifies or describes
some part of a sentence. In the following sentence:
The reading pane displays the content of the selected message.
The prepositional phrase,
of the selected message,
describes the noun,
content.
Avoid joining more than two prepositional phrases. Long chains of prepositional phrases are
hard to read and easy to misinterpret.
Learn more
For information about using prepositional phrases in procedures, see
Writing step-
by-step instructions
.
It's OK to end a sentence with a preposition when it improves readability.
Examples
Use a different instrumentation key for each environment that your application runs in.
Specify which event hub you want to send the data to.
Whether you use
in
or
on
as the preposition for a UI element depends on what the element is.
Element
Preposition
bar (command bar, search bar, taskbar, toolbar)
on
box (list box, search box, text box)
in
command line
on
dialog
in
Prepositional phrases
Placement in the sentence
Prepositions with UI elements
ノ
Expand table
Element
Preposition
list
in
menu
on
page
on
pane
in
ribbon
on
search results
in
system tray
in
tab
on
window
in
Examples
In the
Server name
box, enter the name that you copied earlier.
In the
Create a deployment
pane, enter resource details.
On the ribbon, select
Options
.
On the toolbar, select
File
>
Save
.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Dangling and misplaced modifiers
Article
•
06/24/2022
Modifiers are single words or phrases that modify other words or phrases. Position a
modifier to make it clear what it modifies.
If you keep sentences short and simple and use active voice, you probably won’t run
into dangling or misplaced modifiers.
A
dangling modifier
doesn’t modify anything in the sentence.
A
misplaced modifier
is too far from the thing it modifies or too near to something
else that it could modify.
Example
Meaning
Only
the selected text is
deleted.
Nothing other than the selected text is deleted.
The selected text
only
is
deleted.
Only
could modify
is deleted
or
text.
This sentence could mean one of
two things:
The selected graphics aren't deleted.
The text is deleted but not archived.
There are files
that can’t
be removed
on the disk.
The phrase
that can’t be removed
modifies
the files.
This sentence
clearly explains that the files can’t be removed, and they are on the
disk.
There are files on the
disk
that can’t be
removed
.
The phrase
that can’t be removed
probably modifies
the disk,
but the
writer may have intended to modify
files
. This sentence could mean
one of two things:
The files can’t be removed.
The disk can’t be removed.
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Numbers
Article
•
06/24/2022
Be consistent in your use of numbers. When you write about numbers used in examples
or UI, duplicate them exactly as they appear in the UI. In all other content, follow the
guidelines below.
In body text, spell out whole numbers from zero through nine, and use numerals
for 10 or greater. It's OK to use numerals for zero through nine when you have
limited space, such as in tables and UI.
Examples
10 screen savers
five databases
zero probability
7,990,000
1,000
Spell out zero through nine and use numerals for 10 or greater for days, weeks,
and other units of time.
Examples
seven years
28 days
12 hrs
If one item requires a numeral, use numerals for all the other items of that type.
Examples
One article has 16 pages, one has 7 pages, and the third has only 5 pages.
Microsoft Inspire is only one month and 12 days away.
When two numbers that refer to different things must appear together, use a
numeral for one and spell out the other.
Example
fifteen 20-page articles
Don't start a sentence with a numeral. Add a modifier before the number, or spell
the number out if you can't rewrite the sentence. It's OK to start list items with
numerals—use your judgment.
Examples
Numerals vs. words
More than 10 apps are included.
Eleven apps are included.
Use numerals in these situations.
Use numerals for
Examples
Measurements of distance, temperature, volume, size, weight,
pixels, points, and so on—even if the number is less than 10.
3 feet, 5 inches
1.76 lb
80 × 80 pixels
0.75 grams
3 centimeters
3 cm
A number the customer is directed to enter.
Enter
5
.
A round number of 1 million or more.
7 million
Dimensions. Spell out
by,
except for tile sizes, screen resolutions,
and paper sizes. For those, use the multiplication sign (×). Use a
space before and after the multiplication sign.
10-foot cable
4 × 4 tile
8.5" × 11" paper
1280 × 1024
Time of day. Include
AM
or
PM.
Exception
Don't use numerals for
12
∶
00
. Use
noon
or
midnight
instead.
Include the time zone if you're discussing an event, and customers
beyond the local time zone may see it. Time stamps in UI and
websites usually display local time and date automatically.
10∶45 AM
6∶30 PM
The meeting is at noon.
The event starts at 5∶00 PM
Pacific Time.
The date changes at
midnight.
Percentages, no matter how small. Use a numeral plus
percent
to
specify a percentage. Use
percentage
when you don't specify a
quantity.
At least 50 percent of your
system resources should be
available.
Only 1 percent of the test
group was unable to
complete the task.
A large percentage of
system resources should be
available.
Coordinates of tables or worksheets and numbered sections of
documents.
row 3, column 4
Volume 2
Chapter 10
Part 5
step 1
ノ
Expand table
Use commas in numbers that have four or more digits.
Examples
$1,024
1,093 MB
Exception
When designating years, pixels, or baud, use commas only when the number
has five or more digits.
Examples
2500 B.C.
10,000 B.C.
1920 × 1080 pixels
10,240 × 4320 pixels
9600 baud
14,400 baud
Don't use commas in page numbers, addresses, or after the decimal point in decimal
fractions.
Examples
page 1091
15601 NE 40 Street
1.06377 units
Don't use ordinal numbers, such as
June
first
or
October twenty-eighth,
for dates. Use a
numeral instead:
June 1, October 28.
Global tip
To avoid confusion, always spell out the name of the month. The positions of
the month and day vary by country. For example, 6/12/2017 might be June 12, 2017 or
December 6, 2017.
Use hyphens—not parentheses, periods, spaces, or anything else—to separate the parts
of a phone number.
Example 612-555-0175
Global tip
For information about how to format phone numbers in a region outside the
United States and Canada, refer to the localization style guide for that region.
Commas in numbers
th
Numbers in dates
Phone numbers
Form a negative number with an en dash, not a hyphen:
Example
–79
Hyphenate compound numbers when they're spelled out.
Examples
twenty-five fonts
the twenty-first day
Express fractions in words, as symbols, or as decimals, whichever is most
appropriate.
In tables, align decimals on the decimal point.
Add a zero before the decimal point for decimal fractions less than one, unless the
customer is asked to enter the value.
Examples
0.5 cm
enter
.75"
Don't use numerals separated by a slash to express fractions.
Exception
When an equation occurs in text, it's OK to use a slash between the
numerator and the denominator. Or, in Microsoft Word, go to the
Insert
tab, and
select
Equation
to format the equation automatically.
Example
½ + ½ = 1
Hyphenate spelled-out fractions. Connect the numerator and denominator with a
hyphen unless either already contains a hyphen.
Examples
one-third of the page
two-thirds completed
three sixty-fourths
Negative numbers
Compound numbers
Fractions and decimals
In measurements where the unit of measure is spelled out, use the plural form
when the quantity is a decimal fraction. Use the singular form only when the
quantity is 1.
Examples
0.5 inches
0 inches
1 inch
5 inches
Always spell out ordinal numbers.
Examples
the first row
the twenty-first anniversary
Don't use ordinal numbers, such as
June first,
for dates.
Don't add -
ly
to an ordinal number, as in
firstly
or
secondly
.
In most cases, use
from
and
through
to describe a range of numbers.
Example
from 9 through 17
Exceptions
Use an en dash in a range of pages or where space is an issue, such as in tables
and UI. For example,
2016–2020
and
pages 112–120.
Use
to
in a range of times. For example,
10
∶
00 AM to 2
∶
00 PM.
Don't use
from
before a range indicated by an en dash, such as
10–15
.
In general, don't abbreviate
thousand, million,
and
billion
as
K, M,
and
B.
Spell out
thousand, million,
and
billion,
or use the entire number.
Examples
Fabrikam, Inc., employs more than 65,000 people.
Total cost to the enterprise: 300,000 hours and $30 million per year
Ordinal numbers
Ranges of numbers
Abbreviations
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
In UI, avoid the abbreviations unless space is too limited to spell out the number.
Global tip
Machine translation might not translate these abbreviations correctly. Also,
an abbreviated form might not be available or might be longer in the target language,
so allow space for expansion in localized content.
If you must use the abbreviations, follow these guidelines:
Capitalize
K, M,
and
B.
Don't put a space between the number and the abbreviation.
Use the decimal form of a number only if it really will save space. In particular,
avoid the use of a decimal with
K
—
8.21K
has the same number of characters as
8,210.
See also
Date and time term collection
Units of measure term collection
Bits and bytes term collection
Dashes and hyphens
Percent, percentage
Dashes and hyphens
Yes
No

Procedures and instructions
Article
•
06/24/2022
The best procedure is the one you don’t need. If the UI is crystal clear and leads the
customer through a task, a procedure isn’t necessary. Start there.
Some tasks are more complex. When you need to provide a procedure, look for the
clearest way to present it. That might be:
A picture, an illustration, a poster, or an infographic
A video.


A one-sentence instruction.
A numbered procedure, which might include pictures, videos, and links or buttons
that take customers where they need to go.

When a procedure is the best approach, use the guidelines in this section to create
consistent instructions that are easy to follow:
Writing step-by-step instructions
describes several ways to write simple and
complex instructions.
Describing interactions with UI
provides a list of input-neutral verbs you can use to
write instructions that work with any input method.
Describing alternative input methods
explains how to describe customer
interactions with UI using mouse, keyboard, joystick, pen, touch, and sensor input
—and how to consolidate more than one method in instructions.
Formatting text in instructions
lists the formatting conventions for elements
commonly used in instructions.
Note
Document all the ways that customers can interact with your UI to support
customers of all abilities. This includes mouse, keyboard, voice recognition, game
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
controller, gesture, and any other input method or device that the product or service
supports. The easiest way to approach this is to fully document interactions using each
input method, and then write procedures that use input-neutral verbs.
Yes
No
Writing step-by-step instructions
These guidelines help you create clear, easy-to-follow instructions.
See also
Formatting text in instructions
Formatting punctuation
Consider using headings to help customers find instructions quickly. The headings should
concisely describe what the instructions help customers do.
Use parallel structure in headings. That is, use a consistent phrasing style.
Example
Create a profile
Add an account
If you use a sentence to introduce a procedure, make sure that the information is
necessary. An introductory sentence shouldn't just repeat what the heading says.
Use a numbered list.
If there's a chance of confusion, provide an introductory step that tells customers where
to perform the action (for example, application, tool, or location in the UI).
Use a separate step for each instruction. It's OK to combine short steps that occur in the
same place in the UI.
Most of the time, include actions that complete a procedure, such as selecting an
OK
or
Apply
button.
Don't overwhelm customers with too many steps in a single procedure. Try to fit all the
steps on the same screen.
Example
To create a group of tiles:
Scannability
Multiple-step procedures
1. On the
Start
screen, select the tiles that you want to group together.
2. Drag the tiles to an open space. When a gray bar appears behind them, release them to
create the new group.
A single step might not require list formatting. If you want to use a format that's consistent
with step-by-step instructions in the same documentation, use a bullet instead of a number.
Example
To move a group of tiles:
On the
Start
screen, zoom out and drag the group to where you want it.
Use a complete sentence. Capitalize the first word and use a period at the end.
If you need to make sure that customers begin in the right place, provide a brief phrase at
the beginning of the step. The rest of the time, start each sentence with an
imperative
verb
.
Examples
On the ribbon, go to the
Design
tab.
Open Photos.
Make sure that customers know where the action should take place before you describe
the action.
Examples
For
Alignment
, select
Left
.
On the
Design
tab, select
Header Row
.
Consider abbreviating simple sequences by using right angle brackets. Include a space
before and after each bracket, and don't make the brackets bold.
Example
Select
Accounts
>
Other accounts
>
Add an account
.
Accessibility tip
Screen readers might skip over brackets and read instructions such as
Menu
>
Go To
>
Folders
as
Menu Go To Folders,
which might confuse customers. Check
Single-step procedures
Tips for writing steps
with an accessibility expert before you use this approach.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Describing interactions with the UI
Customers interact with products by using various input methods: keyboard, mouse, touch,
voice, and more. So use generic verbs that work with any input method. Don't use input-
specific verbs, such as
click
or
swipe
. Instead, use the verbs listed here.
See also
Formatting text in instructions
Verb
Use for
Examples
Open
Apps and programs.
Panes.
File Explorer.
Files and folders.
Shortcut menus.
Websites and webpages, when necessary to
match the UI. Otherwise, use
go to
.
Don't use for commands and menus.
Open Photos.
Open the Reader app.
Select
Users + groups
to
open the pane.
Open the
Filename
file.
To open the document in
Outline view, select
View
>
Outline
.
In
WindowName
, open the
shortcut menu for
ItemName
.
Close
Apps and programs.
Panes.
Dialogs.
Files and folders.
Notifications and alerts.
Tabs.
The action that a program or app takes
when it encounters a problem and can't
continue. (Don't confuse with
stop
responding
.)
Close the Alarms app.
Close Excel.
Close the pane.
Close the
Users + groups
pane.
Save and close the
document.
Closing Excel also closes all
open worksheets.
Leave
Websites and webpages.
Select
Submit
to complete the
ノ
Expand table

Verb
Use for
Examples
survey and leave this page.
Go to
Opening a menu.
Going to a tab or another particular place in
the UI.
Going to a website or webpage.
It's OK to use
On the
XXX
tab
if the instruction is
brief and continues immediately.
Go to Search
, enter the
word
settings
, and then
select
Settings
.
Go to
File
, and then select
Close
.
On the ribbon, go to the
Design
tab.
Go to the
Deploy
tab. In the
Configuration
list …
On the
Deploy
tab, in the
Configuration
list …
Go to Example.com to
register.
Select
Instructing the customer to select a specific item,
including:
Selecting an option, such as a button.
Selecting a checkbox.
Selecting a value from a list box.
Selecting link text to go to a link.
Selecting an item on a menu or shortcut
menu.
Selecting an item from a gallery.
Selecting keys and keyboard shortcuts.
(Document keyboard shortcuts only if
they're the most likely way the customer will
accomplish a task or as an alternative input
method, usually in a separate keyboard
shortcuts article.)
Select the
Modify
button.
For
Alignment
, select
Left
.
Select the text, open the
shortcut menu, and then
select
Font
.
Select
Open in new tab
.
Select the
LinkName
link.
Select
F5
.
Select
Shift+Enter
.
Select
Ctrl+Alt+Delete
.
Select and
hold, select
and hold (or
right-click)
Pressing and holding an element in the UI. It's OK
to use
right-click
with
select and hold
when the
instruction isn't specific to touch devices.
To flag a message that you
want to deal with later, select
and hold it, and then select
Set flag
.

Verb
Use for
Examples
Select and hold (or right-
click) the Windows taskbar,
and then select
Cascade
windows
.
Select and hold (or right-
click) the
Start
button,
and then select
Device
Manager
.
>
Separating sequential steps.
Use this approach only when there's a clear and
obvious path through the UI and the selection
method is the same for each step. For example,
don't mix things that require opening, selecting,
and choosing.
Don't use bold on the greater-than symbol.
Include a space before and after the symbol.
Select
Accounts
>
Other accounts
>
Add an account
.
Clear
Clearing the selection from a checkbox.
Clear the
Header row
checkbox.
Choose
Choosing an option, based on the customer's
preference or desired outcome.
Selecting something that begins with the word
Select
, to avoid a repeated word.
On the
Font
tab, choose the
effects that you want.
Choose
Select users
.
Switch, turn
on, turn off
Turning a toggle key or toggle switch on or off.
Use the
Caps lock
key to
switch from typing capital
letters to typing lowercase
letters.
To switch between Normal,
Outline, and Slide Sorter
views, use the buttons on the
View
tab.
To make text and apps easier
to see, turn on the toggle
under
Turn on high contrast
.
To keep all applied filters,
turn on the
Pass all filters
toggle.
Verb
Use for
Examples
Enter
Instructing the customer to type or otherwise
insert a value, or to type or select a value in a
combo box.
In the search box, enter…
In the
Tab stop position
box,
enter the location where you
want to set the new tab.
In the
Deployment script
name
box, enter a name for
this script.
Move, drag
Moving anything from one place to another by
dragging, cutting and pasting, or another method.
Use for tiles and any open window (including apps,
dialogs, files, and panes).
Use
move through
to describe moving around on a
page, moving through screens or pages in an app,
or moving up, down, right, and left in a UI.
Drag the
Filename
file to the
Foldername
folder.
Move the tile to the new
section.
Drag the Snipping Tool out of
the way, if necessary, and
then select the area that you
want to capture.
If the
Apply Styles
task pane
is in your way, just move it.
Zoom, zoom
in, zoom out
Changing the magnification of the screen or
window.
Zoom in to see more details
on the map.
Zoom out to see a larger
geographic area on the map.
Zoom in or out to see more
or less detail.
Last updated on 04/02/2026
Describing alternative input methods
Article
•
06/14/2023
If you use input-neutral methods in instructions, provide an article that explains how to
interact with the product using each available input method. (The article can be in the
product or included in documentation or Help.) To support customers regardless of their
ability or the device they use, include mice, keyboards, voice recognition devices, game
controllers, touch, and other interaction methods.
Learn more
To learn more about creating accessible content, see
Accessibility guidelines
and requirements
.
Be consistent in how you list mouse procedures. For example, always list the mouse
method before the keyboard method if you document both. Don't combine keyboard
and mouse actions as if they were keyboard shortcuts unless space is limited. For
example, don't use
Shift+click.
Instead, use
Select Shift while clicking ….
See also
Mouse and mouse interaction term collection
Assume that the mouse is the primary input device. Include joystick information in a
table along with other alternative input devices.
Refer to joystick
controls,
not
options,
when you provide specific joystick procedures.
Always document keyboard procedures for accessibility, even if they're indicated in UI
(for example, by underlined letters).
See also
Keys and keyboard shortcuts term collection
Use
tap
and
double-tap
instead of
click
and
double-click
when writing content specific to
touching a screen or using a tablet pen.
Tap
means to press the screen with a finger or
pen tip and then to lift it, usually quickly.
Mouse procedures
Joystick procedures
Keyboard procedures
Pen-computing and touch procedures
Term
Usage
tap
Use to describe selecting a button, icon, or other element on the screen with a finger
or the pen by tapping it once. Don't use
tap on.
double-
tap
Use to describe selecting an item by tapping twice in rapid succession. Hyphenate.
Don't use
double-tap on.
tap and
hold
Use only if the app requires it to complete a specific interaction. Don't use
touch and
hold
.
pan
Use to describe moving the screen in multiple directions at a controlled rate, as you
would
pan
a camera to see different views. For contact gestures, use
pan
to refer to
moving a finger, hand, or pen on the device surface to move through screens or
menus at a controlled rate, rather than quickly skipping through content using the
flick gesture. Don't use
drag
or
scroll
as a synonym for
pan
.
flick
Use to describe moving one or more fingers to scroll through items on the screen.
Don't use
scroll
.
swipe
Use to describe a short, quick movement in the direction opposite to how the page
scrolls. For example, if the page scrolls left or right, swipe an item up or down to select
it.
See also
Touch and pen interaction term collection
You can document multiple input methods in various ways, depending on the content
design, space restrictions, and other considerations. Some approaches are discussed
below.
List the steps in a table,
and provide a separate column for each input method.
Example
Choose colors to use on webpages
To make webpages easier to see, you can change the text, background, link, and hover
colors in Internet Explorer.
Mouse actions
Keyboard actions
On the
Start
menu:
Display the
Start
menu by pressing the Windows logo key:
ノ
Expand table
Multiple input methods and branching within
procedures
ノ
Expand table
Mouse actions
Keyboard actions
Click
Internet
Explorer
.
Select
Internet Explorer
by using the arrow keys, then press
Enter
.
In Internet Explorer:
1. Click the
Tools
menu.
2. Click
Internet Options
.
In Internet Explorer:
1. Select the
Tools
menu by pressing
Alt+T
.
2. Select
Internet Options
by pressing
O
.
Document the primary input method,
and provide the alternative instructions in
parentheses or separate sentences after the main instructions.
Examples
To pan, slide one finger in any direction (or drag the mouse pointer, or use the arrow
keys).
To copy the selection, click
Copy
on the toolbar. You can also press
Ctrl+C
.
If there are multiple ways to perform an entire procedure and you must describe each
one,
use a table to detail the alternatives. This approach helps the customer decide
when to use which method.
Example
This table describes two ways to save a file.
To
Do this
Save changes to the file and
continue working.
On the
File
menu, click
Save
.
Save changes to the file and close
the program.
On the
File
menu, click
Exit
. If a dialog asks whether you
want to save changes, click
Yes
.
If one step has an alternative,
make that alternative a separate paragraph in the step. In
a single-step procedure, an alternative can be separated by the word
or
to make it clear
that an alternative is available.
Examples
Press the key for the underlined letter in the menu name. You can also use the
Left
arrow
key or the
Right arrow
key to move to another menu.
Press
Alt
+the key for the underlined letter in the menu name.
or
Use the
Left arrow
key or the
Right arrow
key to move to another menu.
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
For several choices within one procedure step,
use a bulleted list.
Example
1. Select the text that you want to move or copy. Do one of the following:
To remove the selection, click
Cut
on the Quick Access Toolbar.
To copy the selection, click
Copy
on the Quick Access Toolbar.
2. Right-click where you want to insert the text, then click
Paste
on the Quick Access
Toolbar.
Yes
No
Formatting text in instructions
テ
Summarize this article for me
Consistent text formatting helps readers locate and interpret information. Follow these
conventions for formatting elements that frequently appear in instructions (also called
procedures).
See also
Describing interactions with UI
Capitalization
Formatting common text elements
Formatting developer text elements
Use these conventions in instructions that appear in documentation and technical content.
Element
Convention
Example
Buttons,
checkboxes, and
other options
Avoid talking about UI elements.
Instead, describe what the customer
needs to do.
When you must refer to a button,
checkbox, or other option, use bold
formatting for the name.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI. If an
option label ends with a colon or an
ellipsis, don't include that end
punctuation in instructions.
Don't include the type of UI element,
such as
button
or
checkbox,
unless
including it adds needed clarity.
Select
Save as
(
not
Select
Save as…
or
Select the
Save as
button).
Select
Allow row to break across pages
.
Clear the
Match case
checkbox.
Command-line
commands
Code style.
copy
Command-line
options (also
known as
switches or flags)
Code style. Capitalize the way the
option must be typed.
/a
/Aw
Commands
Use bold formatting for command
names.
Go to
Tools
, and select
Change language
.
On the
Design
menu, select
Colors
, and
In documentation and technical content
ノ
Expand table
Element
Convention
Example
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI. If a
command label ends with a colon or
an ellipsis, don't include that end
punctuation in instructions.
Don't include the word
command
unless it adds needed clarity.
then select a color scheme.
Database names
Bold. Code style if using in code
syntax. The capitalization of database
names varies.
WingtipToys
database
Enter the command
USE WingtipToys;
Device and port
names
All uppercase.
USB
Dialog boxes
In general, avoid talking about UI.
Instead, talk about what the customer
needs to do.
When you need to refer to the UI
element, use
dialog
. Don't use
pop-up
window
,
dialog box
, or
dialogue box
.
When you must refer to a dialog by
name, use bold formatting for its
name.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI. If a
dialog label ends with a colon or an
ellipsis, don't include that end
punctuation in instructions.
Select
Upload
, and then select a file to
upload.
In
Properties
, select
Details
, and then select
Remove Properties and Personal
Information
.
In the
Protect document
dialog, clear the
Shapes
checkbox.
Error messages
Sentence-style capitalization. Enclose
error messages in quotation marks
when you're referring to them in text.
Looks like that's a broken link.
If you see the error message "Check
scanner status and try again," use Windows
Update to check for the latest drivers for
your device.
File attributes
All lowercase.
To remove the hidden attribute from all files
in a folder ....
File name
extensions
All lowercase.
.mdb
.doc
File names (user-
defined
examples)
Title-style capitalization. It's OK to use
internal capital letters in file names
for readability. Use bold formatting
for file names in procedures if you're
directing the customer to select, type,
or otherwise interact with the name.
My Taxes for 2025
Enter
MyTaxesFor2025
.
copy MyTaxesFor2025.txt
Element
Convention
Example
Apply code style if using in code
syntax.
Folder and
directory names
(user-defined
examples)
Sentence-style capitalization. It's OK
to use internal capital letters in folder
and directory names for readability. In
procedures, use bold formatting for
names if you're directing the
customer to select, type, or otherwise
interact with the name. Apply code
style if using in code syntax.
Vacation and Sick Pay
MyFiles\Accounting\Payroll\VacPay
Select
Documents
cd MyFiles\Projects
Key names,
combinations,
and sequences
Capitalize. Use bold formatting for
key names and keyboard shortcuts in
instructions. Don't put a space around
the plus sign (+) in keyboard
shortcuts.
To learn how to refer to keyboard
shortcuts and specific keys, see
Keys
and keyboard shortcuts term
collection
.
Shift, F7
Ctrl+Alt+Del
Alt, F, O
Spacebar
Select the
F1
key.
To open the
Preview
tab, select
Alt+3
.
Macros
Usually all uppercase. Use bold
formatting if predefined. Might be
code style if user-defined or in code-
related content. Treatment varies.
LOWORD
MASKROP
Markup language
elements (tags)
Code style. Capitalization varies.
Mathematical
constants and
variables
Italic.
a2 + b2 = c2
Menus
Avoid talking about menus. Instead,
describe what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a menu by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the menu.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI.
Don't include the word
menu
unless it
adds needed clarity.
Go to
Tools
, and select
Change language
.
On the
Design
menu, select
Colors
, and
then select a color scheme.
New terms
Italicize the first mention of a new
term if you're going to define it
immediately in text.
Microsoft Exchange consists of both
server
and
client
components.
Element
Convention
Example
Palettes
Avoid talking about palettes. Instead,
describe what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a palette by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the palette.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI.
Don't include the word
palette
unless
it adds needed clarity.
In
Colors
, let Windows pull an accent color
from your background, or choose your own
color.
In the
Color
palette, select a color for the
object outline.
Panes
Avoid talking about panes. Instead,
describe what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a pane by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the pane.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI.
Don't include the word
pane
unless it
adds needed clarity.
Select the arrow next to the
Styles
gallery,
select
Apply styles
, and then select a style
to modify.
If the
Apply Styles
pane is in your way, just
move it.
Placeholders (in
syntax and in
user input)
Italic when the placeholder element is
UI text. Use angle brackets for code
placeholders when angle brackets
aren't part of the language syntax.
Enter
password
.
/v:
Products,
services, apps,
and trademarks
Usually title-style capitalization. Check
the
Microsoft trademark list
for
capitalization of trademarked names.
Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse
Microsoft Word
Surface Pro
Notepad
Network Connections
Makefile
RC program
Slashes
When you're instructing customers to
enter a slash, include the spelled-out
term (
backslash
or
slash
), followed by
the symbol in parentheses.
Enter two backslashes (\\) ....
Strings
When you're referring to strings in
code, a document, a website, or UI,
use sentence-style capitalization
unless the text you're referring to is
capitalized differently. Enclose in
quotation marks, or use code style
when you're referring to a code
string.
Select "Now is the time."
Find
font-family:Segoe UI Semibold
in the
code.
Element
Convention
Example
Tabs
Avoid talking about tabs. Instead,
describe what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a tab by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the tab.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI.
Don't include the word
tab
unless it
adds needed clarity.
Select the table, and then select
Design
>
Header row
.
On the
Design
tab, select
Header row
.
Go to the
Deploy
tab. In the
Configuration
list, ….
Toggles
Avoid talking about toggles. Instead,
describe what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a toggle by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the toggle.
Use sentence-style capitalization
unless you need to match the UI.
Include the word
toggle
if it adds
needed clarity.
To make text and apps easier to see, turn
on the toggle under
Turn on high contrast
.
To keep all applied filters, turn on the
Pass
all filters
toggle.
URLs
All lowercase for complete URLs. If
necessary, line-break long URLs
before a slash. Don't hyphenate.
See also
URLs and web addresses
.
www.microsoft.com
www.microsoft.com/download
User input
Usually lowercase, unless case
sensitive. Bold or italic, depending on
the element. If the user input string
contains placeholder text, use italic
for that text.
Enter
hello world
Enter
password
Windows
Avoid talking about windows. Instead,
focus on what the customer needs to
do.
When you must refer to a window by
name, use bold formatting for the
name of the window. Use sentence-
style capitalization unless you need to
match the UI.
Use
window
only as a generic term for
an area on a PC screen where apps
and content appear. Don't use
window
to refer to a specific dialog
box, pane, or similar UI element.
To embed the new object, switch to the
source document.
Easily switch between open windows.
Open a new Microsoft Edge tab in a new
window so you can look at tabs side by
side.
Element
Convention
Example
XML schema
elements
Code style. Often surrounded by
angle brackets. Capitalization varies.
ElementType
element
Instructions can also appear in the UI itself and in content other than documentation, such as
blogs and marketing. In this content, avoid bold and italic formatting. The goal is to be
readable and friendly but also clearly set off the UI label or other text element from the
surrounding text.
Choose one of the following approaches and use it consistently.
Option
Example
Describe the action without referring to a
specific UI label.
Choose the group or groups that you want to assign
services to.
Use wording that clearly sets off the name of
the element.
Assign services to the Business data only group.
By selecting the Create my database button, you agree
Microsoft can use entity and field names you create to
help improve our common data model.
Choose how often you want to refresh data in Schedule
refresh.
Use quotation marks. Quotation marks can
make text cluttered, so use them sparingly and
only when necessary for clarity.
Assign services to the "No business data allowed"
group.
Use bold formatting.
Assign services to either the
Business data only
or
No
business data allowed
group.
Last updated on 03/10/2026
In the UI and general content
ノ
Expand table
Punctuation
Article
•
04/14/2025
Punctuation provides vital clues for reader understanding. It's governed by well-documented
rules. For example, every English sentence requires end punctuation (unless it's a title or a
heading). Within those rules are stylistic choices, which we'll cover here.
Writing tip
The more punctuation you add, the more complex a sentence becomes. If a
sentence contains more than a comma or two and ending punctuation, consider rewriting it to
make it crisp and clear.
Learn more
Refer to
The Chicago Manual of Style
to learn more about specific punctuation.
This section covers:
Formatting punctuation
in text describing interaction with the UI, parentheses, and
brackets.
Apostrophes
in possessives and contractions.
Colons
in lists and to elaborate on a statement.
Commas
in series, clauses, and dates.
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus signs
, including em dashes to set off phrases,
en dashes in ranges of numbers or dates,
hyphens
in words and spelled-out numbers,
and minus signs for subtraction operations and negative numbers.
Ellipses
in syntax and for omissions.
Exclamation points
, used sparingly.
Periods
in sentences and lists.
Question marks
, used sparingly.
Quotation marks
for quotations only.
Semicolons
between independent clauses, contrasting statements, and items in a list.
Slashes
in phrases, file paths, and URLs.
Formatting punctuation
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, format punctuation in the same font style as the main content of a sentence
or phrase.
In instructions that reference elements such as commands, options, keywords,
placeholders, links, pop-up text, and user input:
If the punctuation is part of the element, such as punctuation that the customer
must type, format the punctuation the same as the element.
Example
Enter
Balance due:
in cell A14.
(In this example, the colon is bold because the customer types the colon.)
If the punctuation is not part of the element, format the punctuation the same as
the main text.
Examples
On the
Insert
menu, go to
Pictures
, and then select
From File
.
(In this example, the comma following
Pictures
and the period following
File
aren't
bold because the punctuation isn't part of the UI labels.)
Select
Accounts
>
Other accounts
>
Add an account
.
(In this example, brackets aren't bold because they aren't part of the UI labels.)
Format parentheses and brackets in the font style of the main text, not of the text in the
parentheses or brackets.
Example
Open any Office app and select
File
>
Account
. (If you're doing this in Outlook, select
File
>
Office Account
.)
(In this example, the opening and closing parentheses aren't bold, to match the main
text.)
Use the same font style for the closing parenthesis or bracket that you use for the
opening parenthesis or bracket.
Text describing interaction with the UI
Parentheses and brackets
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Apostrophes
Article
•
06/24/2022
To form the possessive case of nouns. For singular nouns, add an apostrophe and
an
s,
even if the noun ends in
s, x,
or
z.
To form the possessive of plural nouns that
end in
s,
add only an apostrophe.
Examples
insider's guide
the box's contents
the CSS's flexibility
Berlioz's opera
an OEM's product
users' passwords
the Joneses' computer
To indicate a missing letter in a contraction.
Examples
can't
don't
it's
For the possessive form of
it
.
Example
Replace a formula with its calculated value.
With a possessive pronoun.
Example
The choice is yours.
To form the plural of a singular noun.
Example
Play your favorite games on all your devices.
Note
Don't use the possessive form of Microsoft trademarks and product, service, or
feature names.
Use an apostrophe
Don’t use an apostrophe
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Yes
No
Colons
テ
Summarize this article for me
Avoid using a colon to introduce a clarification or amplification of a sentence's main statement
within the sentence itself. In most cases, you can make the sentence more direct and readable
by rephrasing it or breaking it into multiple sentences. Alternatively, consider replacing the
colon with a comma or an em dash, depending on the context. If the text after the colon has
multiple parts, consider using a list instead. If you do use a colon within a sentence, the word
after it should be lowercase unless it's a proper noun or the first word of a direct quotation.
Examples
Preferred (without a colon)
Acceptable (with a colon)
The company is considering Los Angeles, Munich,
and Tokyo for the event.
The company is considering three cities for the
event: Los Angeles, Munich, and Tokyo.
If Exchange ActiveSync doesn't recognize the
device, the device isn't properly connected, or it
isn't a smartphone.
OR
Exchange ActiveSync doesn't recognize the device
for one of two reasons:
• The device isn't properly connected.
• The device isn't a smartphone.
Exchange ActiveSync doesn't recognize the device
for one of two reasons: the device isn't properly
connected, or it isn't a smartphone.
The cells of a worksheet can store different types
of information—numbers, formulas, or text.
The cells of a worksheet can store different types of
information: numbers, formulas, or text.
If you updated at least one value that requires
approval, the Action Pane has two extra buttons,
Proposed changes and Workflow.
If you updated at least one value that requires
approval, the Action Pane has two extra buttons:
Proposed changes and Workflow.
Don't use a colon at the end of titles or headings. However, you can use a colon
within
a title,
heading, or similar content (for example, an email subject line) to divide it into two parts that
are analogous to a title and a subtitle. Always capitalize the word after the colon.
Examples
ノ
Expand table
In titles and headings
Block party: Communities use Minecraft to create public spaces
Get started with Azure IoT: An interactive developer guide
Don't use a colon at the end of a phrase that directly precedes and introduces an image, a
table, or a code sample. Use a period instead.
You can often use a colon at the end of a phrase that directly precedes and introduces a
bulleted or numbered list, based on how strongly it looks ahead to the list items.
If the phrase forms a complete sentence by itself:
You can typically use a colon when the sentence makes direct reference to the list
items through expressions such as "here are," "these," "the following," or "as follows,"
or by stating the number of items.
Otherwise, use a period.
If the phrase is a fragment:
Use a colon if at least one list item can be read immediately after the fragment to form
a complete sentence.
Otherwise, don't add end punctuation to the fragment. In this case, you might consider
formatting the fragment as a heading.
Example
Make the transition easier by creating a backup of important things, such as:
Installed apps
Account passwords
Call history
To learn more, see
Lists
.
In UI, don't use a colon at the end of headings, input labels, command names, or the labels for
buttons, checkboxes, and other options.
Before images, tables, and code samples
Before lists
In UI
7
Note
To learn more, see
Formatting text in instructions
.
Last updated on 02/10/2026
Even if a colon is used in UI, don't include it when you refer to the UI element by name in
documentation.
Commas
Article
•
06/24/2022
Before the conjunction in a list of three or more items. (The comma that comes
before the conjunction is known as the Oxford or serial comma.)
Examples
Outlook includes Mail, Calendar, People, and Tasks.
Save your file to a hard drive, an external drive, or OneDrive.
Writing tip
If a series contains more than three items or the items are long,
consider a bulleted list to improve readability.
Following an introductory phrase.
Example
With the Skype app, you can call any phone.
To join independent clauses with a conjunction, such as
and, or, but,
or
so.
Example
Select
Options
, and then select
Enable fast saves
.
Writing tip
If the sentence is long or complex, consider rewriting as two sentences.
In a series of two or more adjectives that precede a noun, if the order of the
adjectives can be reversed or if they can be separated by
and
without changing the
meaning.
Examples
Adjust the innovative, built-in Kickstand and Type Cover.
PlayFab is a complete back-end platform.
Writing tip
Consider rewriting for a friendlier, more conversational tone. For
example, say, "Build mixed-reality apps that support collaboration across
platforms," not "Build collaborative, cross-platform mixed-reality apps."
To surround the year when you use a complete date within a sentence.
Example
See the product reviews in the February 4, 2015, issue of the
New York Times.
For information about using commas in numbers, see
Numbers
.
Use a comma
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
To join independent clauses when you don't use a conjunction. (Use a semicolon
instead.)
Example
Select
Options
; then select
Enable fast saves.
Between verbs in a compound predicate (when two verbs apply to a single
subject).
Example
The program evaluates your computer system and then copies the essential files to
the target location.
Writing tip
Consider replacing a compound predicate with two sentences. Or add
a subject for the second verb.
Examples
The program evaluates your computer system. Then it copies the essential files to
the target location.
The program evaluates your computer system, and then it copies the essential files
to the target location.
Between the month and the year when a specific date isn't mentioned.
Don't use a comma
Yes
No
Ellipses
Article
•
06/24/2022
In general, don’t use an ellipsis (…) except in the situations described here or to indicate
omitted code in technical content.
It's OK to use an ellipsis to indicate a pause in conversational UI messages.
Example
(Hmm ... looks like that link is broken.)
When there's an ellipsis in UI, don’t include it in instructions or procedures.
Example
Select
Safety
, and then
Delete browsing history
.
In quoted material, use an ellipsis to indicate omitted text.
If the ellipsis replaces text within a sentence, include a space before and after the
ellipsis.
Example
The quick brown fox … lazy dog.
If the ellipsis replaces the end of a quoted sentence, include a space before the
ellipsis and follow it with a closing period, with no intervening space.
Example
The quick brown fox ….
It’s OK to use an ellipsis in multiple-part callouts, especially with screenshots or graphics
in documentation.


Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Ensure that the path through the callouts is clear. Document each step.
Insert a space and then an ellipsis at the end of a phrase that continues later. Insert
an ellipsis followed by a space at the beginning of a phrase that's continued from a
previous phrase.
If the callout ends with additional punctuation, such as a period or comma, insert a
space between the punctuation mark and the ellipsis.
If you're using a font that doesn't have the ellipsis character, use three periods with no
space between them.
Yes
No
Em dashes, en dashes, hyphens, and minus
signs
Article
•
04/29/2025
Em dashes (—), en dashes (–), hyphens (-), and minus signs (−) aren't interchangeable symbols.
Follow these guidelines to help you use them the right way, in the right places.
Em dashes
: Use to signal a break in thought, or to set off some immediate clarification,
amplification, or parenthetical remark that you want to add within a sentence. Em dashes
can be an effective alternative to colons, semicolons, and parentheses, but don't overuse
them. Like colons, semicolons, and parentheses, em dashes can affect readability if they
are used excessively, by interrupting the flow of the text and making sentences overly
long and complex. Don't use spaces around em dashes.
En dashes
: Use in ranges of numbers and dates, such as in time and date stamps in UI. An
en dash can also be used instead of a hyphen in some compound words (see
Hyphens
for
details). Don't use in place of the minus sign. Don't use spaces around en dashes.
Exception
Use spaces around an en dash when it's used in a time stamp appearing in UI,
or in a date range that includes two times and two dates.
Hyphens
: Use to join words and connect prefixes to stem words. Don't use multiple
hyphens in place of an em dash.
Minus signs
: Use to represent subtraction operations and negative numbers. For
accessibility reasons, don't substitute an en dash for the minus sign.
Examples
Em dash to set off clarifying or amplifying text: The information in your worksheet—numbers,
formulas, and text—is stored in cells.
En dash for a date range: 2015–2017
Hyphen in a compound modifier: Azure-supported features
En dash instead of a hyphen in a compound modifier containing an "open compound": AI
Builder–supported features
En dash for a time stamp in UI: 2:15 PM – 4:45 PM
En dash for a range that includes both times and dates: 2:15 PM 12/1/17 – 4:45 PM 4/1/18
Minus sign for a negative number: The temperature was −12°F.
Minus sign for a subtraction operation: 12 − 3 = 9
See also
Hyphens
Hyphens
テ
Summarize this article for me
For information about hyphenating specific technology words, see the A–Z word list. For
information about hyphenating common words, see
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
and
The
Chicago Manual of Style
.
Don't hyphenate a predicate adjective (an adjective that complements the subject of a
sentence and follows a linking verb) unless this style guide specifically recommends it. Check
the A–Z word list to find out.
Examples
The text is left aligned.
The camera is built in.
Many viruses are memory-resident.
In compound words that precede and modify a noun as a unit, don't hyphenate:
Very,
when it precedes another modifier.
Example
Very fast test
An adverb ending in
-ly,
such as
completely,
when it precedes another modifier. Check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
if you're not sure whether the word ending in
-ly
is an
adverb.
Examples
extremely stylized image
highly graphical interface
Note
: Use adverbs sparingly. They usually aren't necessary.
Hyphenate two or more words that precede and modify a noun as a unit if:
Confusion might result without the hyphen.
Examples
built-in drive
Predicate adjectives
Noun modifiers
high-level-language compiler
read-only memory
lower-left corner
floating-point decimal
line-by-line scrolling
scrolling line by line
up-to-date information
One of the words is a past or present participle (a verb form ending in
-ed
or
-ing
and
used as an adjective or noun).
Examples
left-aligned text
free-flowing form
well-defined schema
The schema is well defined.
The modifier is a number or single letter plus a noun or participle.
Examples
two-sided arrow
5-point star
y-coordinate values
Don't use suspended compound modifiers, such as
left- and right-aligned text,
unless space is
limited. Instead, spell out the entire phrase.
Example
upper-right or lower-right corner
If you use a suspended compound modifier, include a hyphen with both adjectives. The first
hyphen is followed by a space.
Example
upper- or lower-right corner
Don't form suspended compound modifiers from one-word adjectives.
Example
uppercase and lowercase letters
Suspended compound modifiers
Hyphenate compound nouns when one of the words is abbreviated.
Examples
e-book
e-commerce
Exception
email
Hyphenate compound numerals and fractions.
Examples
a twenty-fifth anniversary
one-third of the page
Use an en dash (–) instead of a hyphen in a compound adjective when:
The compound adjective includes an open compound.
Example
Windows 10–compatible products
Two or more of the elements are made up of hyphenated compounds (a rare occurrence).
Avoid creating new words by adding prefixes to existing words. Rewrite to avoid creating a new
word. If a word with a prefix is listed in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
or the A–Z word list, it's
OK to use in Microsoft content.
In general, don't include a hyphen after the following prefixes:
auto-
co-
cyber-
exa-
giga-
kilo-
mega-
Compound nouns
Compound numerals and fractions
Prefixes
micro-
non-
pre-
re-
sub-
tera-
un-
However, use a hyphen between a prefix and a stem word:
If a confusing word results without the hyphen.
Examples
non-native
pre-provisioned
If the lack of a hyphen would cause confusion with other words.
Examples
co-op
re-create
re-sent
re-sign
If the stem word begins with a capital letter.
Example
non-XML
A prefix affects a word, not a phrase. For example, instead of
non-security related,
use
unrelated
to security
.
When adding a prefix to a stem word results in a double vowel and each vowel is pronounced,
don't use a hyphen.
Examples
reenter
cooperate
For more information about using prefixes, see
The Chicago Manual of Style
.
Capitalization in hyphenated compound words
Capitalize any part of a hyphenated compound word that would be capitalized if there were no
hyphen.
Examples
Compound
word
Example sentence
Customer-
friendly
Customer-friendly content is brief, accurate, and to the point.
E-Book
Bisson, Guillermo.
The App E-Book
. Redmond, WA: Lucerne Publishing, 2015.
Add-ins
Bisson, Guillermo.
Programming Office 365 Applications, SharePoint Add-ins, and
More
. Redmond, WA: Lucerne Publishing, 2015.
See also
Capitalization
Last updated on 03/06/2026
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Exclamation points
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use exclamation points sparingly. Save them for when they count.
Yes
No
Periods
Don't use periods in headlines, headings, subheadings, UI titles, UI text, or simple lists (three or
fewer words per item).
End all sentences with a period, even if they're only two words. Put one space, not two, after a
period.
For information about how to use periods in bulleted lists and numbered lists, see
Lists
.
Headline example
Be brief—make every word count
Text example
Be brief. Make every word count.
When a phrase that ends with a colon introduces a bulleted list:
If one or more list elements complete the introductory phrase that precedes the colon, use
a period after every list element.
If all list elements are short phrases (three words or fewer), don't end them with periods,
even if they form a complete sentence together with the list introduction.
If one or more list elements are complete sentences, use a period after every element, even
if a list element contains three or fewer words.
Last updated on 07/06/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Question marks
Article
•
06/24/2022
Use questions sparingly. In general, customers want
us
to give
them
answers.
When a customer needs to make a decision, a question is appropriate.
Examples
If you forgot your password, provide your secret answer.
More nature themes are available online.
Do you want to save your changes?
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Quotation marks
Article
•
10/17/2024
Use single quotation marks (' ') to indicate quoted material within a quotation. Double
and single straight quotation marks can also be used to indicate feet and inches,
respectively.
Place closing quotation marks:
Outside commas and periods.
Inside other punctuation.
Exception
If punctuation is part of the quoted material, place it inside the quotation
marks.
Examples
One type of malware is called a "trojan clicker." He explained: "One type of
malware, called a 'trojan clicker,' uses your PC to 'click' online ads.' Use an 8.5" x 11"
sheet of paper.
Quotation marks in Segoe
Use straight quotation marks (" "). Segoe Sans, the Microsoft
font family, does not have a curly quotation mark option.
Preferred terms
Refer to
quotation marks, opening quotation marks,
and
closing quotation marks.
Don't
call them
quote marks, quotes, open
or
close quotation marks,
or
beginning
or
ending
quotation marks.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Semicolons
Article
•
06/24/2022
Sentences that contain semicolons are often complex. Try to simplify the sentence—
break it into multiple sentences or a list—to eliminate the semicolon.
Use semicolons:
Between two independent clauses that aren't joined by a conjunction.
Example
Select
Options
; then select
Automatic backups
.
Between contrasting statements that aren't joined by a conjunction.
Example
What’s considered powerful changes over time; today’s advanced feature might be
commonplace tomorrow.
To separate items in a series that contains commas or other punctuation. Even
better, break out a complex series of items into a list.
Examples
In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to construct an interface; implement both single-
document interface and multiple-document interface applications; implement
features that until now were considered difficult, such as printing, toolbars,
scrolling, splitter windows, print preview, and context-sensitive Help; and take
advantage of many built-in components of the class library.
In this tutorial, you'll learn how to:
Construct an interface.
Implement both single-document interface and multiple-document interface
applications.
Implement features that until now were considered difficult, such as printing,
toolbars, scrolling, splitter windows, print preview, and context-sensitive Help.
Take advantage of many built-in components of the class library.
Yes
No
Slashes
Article
•
06/24/2022
When necessary, differentiate between a
slash
for URLs and a
backslash
for servers and
folders.
When you instruct customers to enter a slash, always include the spelled-out term
(
backslash
or
slash
) first, followed by the symbol in parentheses.
Example
Enter two backslashes (\\) ....
See also
Numbers
Special character term collection
URLs and web addresses
Use a slash:
To imply a combination. Capitalize the word after the slash if the word before the
slash is capitalized. For example, if
country/region
is used as a label in a form,
capitalize it as
Country/Region.
Examples
client/server
TCP/IP
CD/DVD drive
Use the on/off switch to turn your mouse off when you're not using it.
Turn on the On/Off toggle.
To separate parts of an internet address. Use two slashes after the protocol name.
Example
ftp://example.com/downloads
In server, folder, and file names.
Example
\\mslibrary\catalog\collect.doc
Between the numerator and denominator of fractions in equations that occur in
text.
Examples
a/x + b/y = 1
x + 2/3(y) = m
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Don't use a slash as a substitute for
or,
like
product/service.
If the UI uses a slash in this
way, follow the interface in describing the label, but use
or
to describe the action in text.
Examples
Select
Automatic trapping
to add or remove a check mark.
To turn the purchasing workflow on or off ....
Exception
It's OK to use
country/region
and
ZIP Code/postal code
where space is limited.
See also
and/or
country or region
either/or
Yes
No
Responsive content
If you're writing for the web, assume your content will be used on a variety of devices. Many
websites today are
responsive
—that is, they reconfigure automatically based on the device in
use. Assume your content will be viewed at small sizes.
Short text
is always better, but on mobile devices, it's imperative. Try to write sentences and
paragraphs that are short enough to read on a mobile screen without scrolling. It's hard to
read a paragraph when you need to scroll to see the second half.
Try to keep headings to one, short line.
Two-line headings take up twice as much scarce
vertical space. Use short words in headings, too, if you can. If a customer uses larger fonts to
improve accessibility, long words might break across lines.
Short sections
—headings and the text that follows—are easier to read on small screens. Short
sections also make it easier for customers to stop reading and later pick up where they left off.
Keep in mind that the width of your customer's screen
might be just a couple of inches. Keep
content simple so it's easy to read and understand.
Choose simple images, and crop extraneous detail.
Add alt text to all images that convey important meaning,
to make them accessible. Images
that are purely decorative don't need alt text. Learn more in
Alternative text (alt text)
.
Create infographics carefully.
Provide a way for readers to open an infographic in an
application where they can enlarge specific areas. Organize infographics in compact sections
that readers can magnify and view on a small screen. Or, present individual sections of the
infographic within text, and provide a link to the full infographic.
Simplify charts and graphs
so that readers can easily read the whole thing on a small screen.
Craft very short chart titles, metrics labels, and axis labels.
Limit the number of columns in tables
and keep the text in each cell brief—ideally one line.
Tables with more than a few narrow columns might be hard to read. Too much text in a cell
Keep it short
Use simple images, charts, and tables
might cause a table to exceed the height of a mobile screen.
As you create content, think about how it will flow on a 360-pixel screen. Typically, content on
the right side of the page moves below content on the left side. Will the content still make
sense?
Work with the designer or developer to determine where breaks in the content will occur, how
much content displays at each potential resolution, and the order in which content will appear
on small devices.
Last updated on 04/10/2026
Consider flow
Scannable content
Article
•
06/20/2023
The volume of content available to customers is overwhelming. Part of a writer's job is
to help readers find what they need quickly, or recognize just as quickly when they're
not where they need to be. Writing to facilitate scanning will help.
Organize text into discrete components to support scanning. This section describes
some of the methods you can use:
Headings
Lists
Pull quotes
Sidebars
Tables
How you write is equally important to scanning.
Content on the first screen (also called
above the fold
) is the most likely to be read. Many
readers won’t scroll further without a compelling reason. So as always, keep it short, and
lead with what’s most important to the customer. Keep in mind that what appears above
the fold varies by device and screen resolution.
Numerous studies have shown that readers look at specific areas of a page first. In left-
to-right languages, people read in an F shape, giving the most attention to the upper-
left corner of a page. Put your most important information there. Or try placing an offer
or a Buy or Download button there. If the navigation is on the left, put your most
important information in the upper-left corner of the text pane.
Long spans of dense text are daunting and unapproachable to readers. Write short
headings, short sentences, and short paragraphs that are easy to read—and more
visually appealing.
1. Use short, simple words.
2. Get to the point.
3. Then stop.
Put first things first
Be brief, be bold, be clear
In general, keep web content short. When you have a great, customer-focused reason to
create longer content, provide readers with at least one way to navigate within it, so
they can quickly get to what they need.
If you're developing content for a collection, break the content up into sections so
that information is easy to find in the library navigation.
In a longer document that's likely to be read online, even if it’s a downloadable
Word document or PDF file, include a table of contents with links to subheadings.
Add
Back to top
links at the end of sections.
Consistent writing, design, and formatting create patterns, which help readers
comprehend more efficiently. Apply these tactics throughout your content to create
familiar landmarks for your readers:
Lead with what's most important. Place important keywords near the beginning of
headings, table entries, and paragraphs so they're easy to spot.
Use text formatting consistently, such as using bold in procedures to identify UI
labels. To learn more, see
Text formatting
.
Apply the same sentence structures to similar information. For example, use
prepositional phrases consistently in procedures to help customers navigate
menus and dialog boxes. And use the same syntax for cross-references and other
common content elements.
Writing tip
When comparing things, use parallel sentence structures to describe each
thing. Write headlines and bulleted list items using the same sentence structure, too.
Paragraphs usually have extra space between them. How much extra space depends on
the size of the font. The minimum is usually 50 percent of the line spacing, or at least
half the font size.
Short paragraphs, like this one, help to break up long passages of text. Three to seven
lines is about the right length for a paragraph.
Include navigation within long documents
Establish patterns in content
Give paragraphs room—and keep them short
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
It’s also fine to have a single-line paragraph now and then.
Yes
No
Headings
Article
•
06/24/2022
Headings provide both structure and visual points of reference to help readers scan
content. If you can break text logically into smaller sections, the extra spacing and
distinct fonts associated with headings will help readers scan content and find entry
points.
In any type of content—whether it's UI, web content, marketing, or advertising—use
headings consistently.
Think of headings as an outline,
only more interesting—pithy, even. If readers don't
read the headings, they probably won't read the text that follows, either.
Top-level headings communicate what's most important and divide content into
major subjects. Make them as specific as you can to catch the reader's attention.
When there's a lot to say under a top-level heading, look for two or more distinct
topics, and use second-level headings (subheads) to break up the large section
into more scannable chunks. If you can't find at least two distinct topics, skip the
second-level headings.
Avoid having two headings in a row without text in between—that might indicate a
problem with organization or that the headings are redundant. But don't insert
filler text just to separate the headings.
Each new heading represents a new or more specific topic. The heading should
introduce the topic in an interesting way.
Use headings judiciously.
One heading level is usually plenty for a page or two of
content. For long content, you might need to use additional heading levels. For
example, this guide uses four heading levels.
Keep headings as short as possible,
and put the most important idea at the beginning.
This is especially critical in blogs and social media.
Be as specific as you can,
and be even more detailed with lower-level headings. For
example, a second-level heading should be more specific than a first-level heading.
Focus on what matters to customers,
and choose words they'd use themselves. In most
cases, don't talk about products, features, or commands in headings. Concentrate on
Writing headings
what customers can achieve or what they need to know.
Use parallel sentence structure
for all headings at the same level. For example, use
noun phrases for first-level headings, verb phrases for second-level headings, and
infinitive phrases for headings in instructions.
Examples
Source data
Prepare headings
To create a heading
Scrub data
To remove blank rows
PivotTable reports
Report filters
Consider infinitive phrases,
such as
To create a heading,
for headings and titles related
to tasks. For headings that aren't related to tasks, use a noun phrase such as
Headings,
if
possible.
Don’t use ampersands (&) or plus signs (+)
in headings unless you're referring to UI
that contains them or space is limited.
Avoid hyphens
in headings if you can. In resized windows or mobile devices, they can
result in awkward line breaks.
Use
vs.,
not
v
.
or
versus,
in headings.
Use sentence-style capitalization
for headings. That means that you capitalize the first
word, any proper nouns, and the first word after a colon (if there is one). Everything else
is lowercase. To learn more, see
Capitalization
.
Examples
Say hello to Surface Pro
Set up the deployment environment
Templates and themes for Office Online
My account
Find a store
Formatting headings
Can a search engine predict the winner of a sports tournament?
Block party: Communities use Minecraft to create public spaces
Don't end headings with a period.
A question mark or (rarely) an exclamation point can
be used if it's needed for meaning.
Examples
Not seeing what you want?
What can we help you find?
Use italic
if it would be required in body text.
Break two-line headings carefully.
Unless you're writing content for a responsive design
(which breaks lines dynamically to fit the screen), break the heading in a way that makes
sense and balances the length of the two lines. (Shift + Enter inserts a manual line break
in many authoring tools.)
Keep adjectives and prepositions with the words they modify.
Keep hyphenated words and multiple-word proper nouns (such as
New York
) on
the same line.
Break after punctuation.
Break naturally, at the end of a complete phrase, if possible.
If you can't fit a headline on two lines, rewrite it.
Use vertical spacing to make headings stand out.
Headings typically have extra space
above them and often less space below them. Close proximity between the heading and
the text that follows it communicates to the reader that they're related. Heading spacing
is built into heading styles in most templates. Use those styles to control spacing in a
consistent way.
Don't use extra line breaks to increase heading spacing,
especially in web content. In
responsive web design, the layout and screen elements (including headings) adjust to
the screen size automatically, whether they're viewed on mobile devices, tablets,
laptops, or desktops. Extra line breaks might detract from the content appearance on
mobile devices.
Learn more
Using type
Using run-in headings

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
If you regularly highlight specific types of content, such as benefits, feature highlights,
tips, notes, warnings, or cross-references, consider using a special kind of heading for
them. Although they don't add white space to a document, bold run-in headings, like
the ones you see in this article, draw the reader's eye to interesting information. Because
they're part of the paragraph, run-in headings have less impact than separate headings
but require much less space—so they're ideal for packaging blurbs, web content, screen
callouts, and the like.
When you use bold formatting for run-in headings:
Make sure the first few words of the paragraph are interesting and introduce the
paragraph contents.
Consider repeating common phrases, such as
Tip, Note,
and
See also,
as run-in
headings to call attention to helpful information, interesting but nonessential
information, or cross-references, respectively.
Use a character style, rather than manual formatting, to make your headings
consistent, easy to apply, and easy to maintain. You can apply character styles to
any selected words in a document without changing the paragraph style. In
Microsoft Word, character styles, such as
Subtle Emphasis,
are designated by an
a
next to the style name. To create a new character style in a document, select the
characters, and then add the style.
Yes
No
Lists
テ
Summarize this article for me
Lists are a great way to present complex text in a way that's easy to scan.
A list should have at least two items but (if possible) no more than seven items. Each item
should be fairly short—the reader should be able to see at least two, and preferably three, list
items at a glance. It's OK to have a couple of short paragraphs in a list item, but don't exceed
that length too often.
Make all the items in a list consistent in structure. For example, each item should be a noun or
a phrase that starts with a verb.
Use a bulleted list for things that have something in common but don't need to appear in a
particular order.
Examples
The database owner can:
Create and delete a database.
Add, delete, or modify a document.
Add, delete, or modify any information in the database.
Bring your customers into focus:
Own your customer relationship.
Create raving fans.
Engage in new ways.
Use a numbered list for sequential items (like a procedure) or prioritized items (like a top 10
list).
Example
To sign on to a database:
1. On the
File
menu, select
Open database
.
2. In
Username
, enter your name.
Bulleted lists
Numbered lists
3. In
Password
, enter your password, and then select
OK
.
If you must define, describe, or explain a set of terms or concepts, a common alternative to a
table is a list where each item consists of a term followed by a definition.
For the sake of consistency across documentation, use this format:
Use a bulleted list. Use numbering only if the sequence is important or you're referring to
callouts in a figure.
For the term, use sentence case and bold. But if the term is link text, use only link
formatting (not bold).
Use a period between the term and the definition. The period is in plain text.
Whether the definition is a fragment or a complete sentence, start it with a capital letter
and end it with a period.
The use of bold in term lists is an exception to the general guideline of using italic for
emphasis.
Example
Documents have four possible statuses:
Draft
. You created the document, but you're still working on it.
In review
. You submitted the document for review and approval.
Rejected
. The document was rejected during the review process.
Approved
. The document was approved during the review process.
Make sure the purpose of the list is clear. Introduce the list with a heading, a complete
sentence, or a fragment that ends with a colon.
If you introduce a list with a heading, don't use explanatory text after the heading. Also, don't
use a colon or period after the heading.
Begin each item in a list with a capital letter unless there's a reason not to (for example, it's a
command that's always lowercase). If necessary, rewrite the list so that all items begin with
capital letters or all items begin with lowercase words.
Term lists
Introductory text
Capitalization
Don't use semicolons, commas, or conjunctions (like
and
or
or
) at the end of list items.
Don't use a period at the end of list items unless they're complete sentences or they complete
the introductory sentence.
Global tip
: If your content will be localized, avoid lists where the list items complete an
introductory fragment. They can be difficult to translate.
Examples
The recall affects these devices:
Original Surface Pro
Surface Pro 2
Surface Pro 3
Limitations on meeting organizers:
Only invited presenters can be selected as breakout room managers.
The number of breakout room managers is limited to 10.
Breakout room managers can't be assigned to specific rooms, but they can move freely
between rooms.
Knowledge managers can:
Confirm or remove topics that were discovered in your tenant.
Create new topics manually as needed.
Edit existing topic pages.
Exception
: Don't use periods if all items have three or fewer words or if the items are UI labels,
headings, subheadings, strings, or similar types of text.
The administrative templates for Microsoft Edge are:
msedge.admx
msedgeupdate.admx
The topic answer displays:
The topic name
Alternate names
The definition
Punctuation
Often, lists are a series of radio buttons or checkboxes inside dialog boxes or settings pages.
Unless they're complete sentences, don't use punctuation for the list items. If punctuation is
necessary for clarity, make sure punctuation is used consistently in the list and in other lists
within the same section or screen.
Last updated on 02/10/2026
In UI

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Pull quotes
Article
•
06/24/2022
Pull quotes are short sentences—usually a quote from someone important to the story,
but sometimes just a short, interesting sentence—set off from body text to grab the
reader’s attention.
Pull quotes should be short—from a few words to a few lines. If the quote is from a
person or publication, include the author’s name, title, and organization with the pull
quote.
Exception
If the content is entirely about the person being quoted, you don’t need to
include the attribution.
Use pull quotes sparingly.
Yes
No

Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Sidebars
Article
•
06/24/2022
Sidebars are useful in longer articles or documents to call out interesting sections and
break up long spans of text. The content you put in a sidebar should be fairly short,
interesting, and related but not crucial to the article.
Typically people read sidebars before or after the rest of the page, so don’t use sidebars
for information that should be read in sequence with the main text.
Yes
No
Tables
Article
•
04/11/2023
Tables make complex information easier to understand by presenting it in a clear
structure. In a table, data is arranged into two or more rows (plus a header row) and two
or more columns. Don't use a table just to present a list of items that are similar. Use a
list instead.
Tables are sometimes useful for
Example
Data or values
Text formats and their associated HTML codes
Simple instructions
User interface actions and their associated keyboard
shortcuts
Categories of things with examples
SKUs and the products they include
Collections of things with two or more
attributes
Event dates with times and locations
Make sure the purpose of the table is clear. If necessary, include a table title or brief
introduction.
Place information that identifies the contents of a row in the leftmost column of the
table. For example, in a table that describes commands, put the command names in the
left column.
Make entries in a table parallel. For example, make all the items within a column a noun
or a phrase that starts with a verb.
Example
Function
Description
AddUsersToEncryptedFile
Adds user keys to the specified encrypted file
Cancello
Cancels all pending input and output (I/O) operations that are issued
by the calling thread for the specified file
ノ
Expand table
Content
ノ
Expand table
Function
Description
CancelloEx
Marks any outstanding I/O operations for the specified file handle
GetTempFileName
Creates a name for a temporary file
Don’t leave a cell blank or use an em dash to indicate there’s no entry for that cell.
Instead, use
Not applicable
or
None.
Keep responsive design in mind. Limit the number of columns and keep the text in each
cell brief—ideally one line. To learn more, see
Responsive content
.
Balance row height by increasing the width of text-heavy columns and reducing the
width of columns with minimal text.
If the first row of your table contains column headers, you have a header row.
Distinguish the text in the header row from the rest of the text in the table. For example,
make it larger, bolder, or a different color.
Column headers identify the data each column contains. Make headers precise for
usability. For example, don't use "Name". Instead, make column headers specific as in
"Group" or "Employee". (While screen readers use header information to identify rows
and columns, specificity helps all users find the information they're looking for.)
Don’t organize a table so that the column header forms a complete sentence when
combined with the cell contents. This can make the table difficult to localize.
In long tables, make sure the header row is always visible. For example, on the web, use
a fixed header row that stays in place during scrolling. Or, in a downloadable document,
occasionally repeat the header row. Some authoring tools provide a way to do this
automatically. In Microsoft Word, select the header row. On the
Layout
tab under
Table
Tools
, select
Repeat Header Rows
.
Use sentence-style capitalization for the table title and each column header. Use
sentence-style capitalization for the text in cells unless there’s a reason not to (for
example, keywords that must be lowercase).
Header rows
Capitalization
Punctuation
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
If there’s text that introduces the table, it should be a complete sentence and end with a
period, not a colon.
Don’t use ellipses at the end of column headers.
For the text in cells, use periods or other end punctuation only if the cells contain
complete sentences or a mixture of fragments and sentences.
Yes
No
Search and writing
Article
•
06/24/2022
Customers find content in a variety of ways. One of the most common is search. Search
engine optimization (SEO) tactics change rapidly, but good writing that addresses
customer needs always helps.
As you write, follow these guidelines to help customers find relevant content.
Keywords are the terms customers use when they search for content. To help customers
find your content in search engines, front-load keywords in headings, subheadings, and
page descriptions.
The search terms that customers use aren't necessarily the same terms you would use
when searching. So before you write, identify the keywords that you think customers will
use to find your content. These resources can help:
Bing Keyword Research tool
Google Adwords Keyword Planner
Google Analytics
When you’ve identified the keywords that apply to your content, use them as early and
as often as possible (without being contrived or repetitious) in these places:
Titles
Headings and subheadings
Summaries
Overviews
Introductions
Page descriptions
Paragraph text
Link text
Image and table alt text
If your content is video, audio, or images, include keywords in a nearby text description
and in alt text.
Keywords
Links and backlinks
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Linking to supporting information is a good way to stick to the point and keep content
concise. In a large body of content, cross-references can improve navigation and make
content easier to scan.
Write short link text (four or fewer words) that's descriptive and includes keywords.
If it works, use the title or description of the target page as link text.
Link to background and related information rather than summarizing it.
Backlinks are links from other online content to your page. Although search engine
algorithms change frequently, backlinks are often part of the criteria that determine
search ranking. As you plan, think about promotion and what other sites can
appropriately link to your content. The more authoritative the site and the closer it maps
to your keywords, the more weight the backlink carries.
Never create backlinks just to improve your site's search ranking. Search practices that
don’t make sense for your content rarely work and often backfire.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Text formatting
Article
•
06/24/2022
Type treatment is a key component in great design. The thoughtful use of fonts, text
formatting, capitalization, alignment, and spacing creates a first impression, reinforces
the Microsoft brand, and improves readability.
The consistent formatting of text elements, such as command names and URLs, reduces
ambiguity and helps customers find and interpret information easily. Text-formatting
guidelines are sometimes called
document conventions.
This section covers:
Using type
Formatting common text elements
Formatting titles
See also
Formatting developer text elements
Reference documentation
Procedures and instructions
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Using type
Article
•
06/24/2022
Beautiful typography is a cornerstone of modern design. The guidelines in this section
will help you achieve it.
Use sentence-style capitalization
Use left alignment
Don't compress line spacing
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Use sentence-style capitalization
Article
•
06/24/2022
In sentence-style capitalization, you capitalize only the first word of a sentence or phrase
and proper nouns.
Example
This sentence and the subhead of this section both use sentence-style capitalization.
Although all-uppercase text is used occasionally on webpages, in advertising, and in
other marketing communications, don’t use it in text. A mix of uppercase and lowercase
characters gives words familiar shapes that help readers scan more efficiently. All-
uppercase text just looks like a rectangle, so it’s harder to read.
Example
THIS SENTENCE IS ALL UPPERCASE AND NOT VERY EASY TO READ, DON’T YOU AGREE?
Don’t use all-lowercase text. Capital letters help readers recognize that a new section or
thought is beginning. All-lowercase text takes away that helpful cue.
Example
this sentence is all lowercase. or is it a sentence? it's hard to tell with no capital letters.
Learn more
To learn more about proper nouns, see
Nouns and pronouns
. To learn more
about capitalization, see
Capitalization
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Use left alignment
Article
•
06/24/2022
Left-aligned text has an even left margin and an erratic (ragged) right margin.
Don't center text.
Avoid these awkward situations in text:
Orphans, which occur when the first line of a paragraph appears by itself at the
bottom of a page or column
Widows, which occur when the last line of a paragraph contains only one word or
appears alone on the next page or column
Lines that end with hyphens
In Word and PowerPoint, you can manage these situations without using manual line
breaks.
To
Do this
Keep a hyphenated
word from breaking at
the end of a line
Insert a nonbreaking hyphen by pressing
Ctrl+Shift+_
.
Keep the last word of a
paragraph with the word
that precedes it
Insert a nonbreaking space by pressing
Ctrl+Shift+Space
.
Control widows and
orphans in Word
Select a paragraph formatted with Normal style. On the context menu,
select
Styles > Apply Styles
. In the
Apply Styles
pane, select
Modify
.
Select
Format > Paragraph
. On the
Line and page breaks
tab, select
Widow/Orphan control
.
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Don't compress line spacing
Article
•
06/24/2022
The amount of vertical space between lines of text in a paragraph, called
line spacing,
can help or hinder reading. Adequate line spacing helps readers find their way from the
end of one line to the beginning of the next.
If you’re using a template, don’t change the line spacing. If you’re not, ask a designer for
advice if you can.
If you need to modify line spacing later, change it in the styles, not in individual
paragraphs, so spacing remains consistent throughout the content. Never reduce line
spacing to fit more text on a slide or page. Edit the text instead.
Font size
Line spacing
Body text (up to 14 points)
120% minimum
Subheadings (14–36 points)
110% minimum
Headings (36 points or larger)
120% maximum
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Formatting common text elements
Article
•
03/26/2025
Consistent text formatting helps readers locate and interpret information. Follow these
formatting conventions for common text elements.
For information about referring to UI elements, see
Formatting text in instructions
. For
guidance on referring to these elements in developer contexts, see
Formatting
developer text elements
.
See also
Capitalization
Procedures and instructions
Element
Convention
Example
Database names
Bold. The capitalization of
database names varies.
Contoso
database
Emphasis
It's OK to use italic
formatting sparingly for
emphasis.
Cybercriminals might call you and claim to be
from Microsoft. Be aware that Microsoft will
never
call you to charge for security or software
fixes.
Error messages
Sentence-style
capitalization. Enclose in
quotation marks when
referencing error
messages in text.
We can't find a scanner.
Hmm … looks like that's a broken link.
If you see the error message, "Check scanner
status and try again," use Windows Update to
check for the latest drivers for your device.
File attributes
All lowercase.
hidden
system
read-only
To remove the hidden attribute from all files in a
folder ....
File name
extensions
All lowercase.
.mdb
.doc
File names
Title-style capitalization.
It's OK to use internal
caps in file names for
readability.
My Taxes for 2016
MyTaxesFor2016
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Element
Convention
Example
Folder and
directory names
Sentence-style
capitalization. It's OK to
use internal capital letters
in folder and directory
names for readability.
Vacation and sick pay
MyFiles\Accounting\Payroll\VacPay
Mathematical
constants and
variables
Italic.
a2 + b2 = c2
New terms
Italicize the first mention
of a new term if you're
going to define it
immediately in text.
Microsoft Exchange consists of both
server
and
client
components.
Ports
All uppercase.
LPT1
Products,
services, apps,
and trademarks
Usually title-style
capitalization. Check the
Microsoft trademark list
for capitalization of
trademarked names.
Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse
Microsoft Word
Surface Pro
Notepad
Network Connections
UI text or strings
Sentence-style
capitalization.
Find on page
Read aloud
Hide selected items
URLs
All lowercase for
complete URLs. If
necessary, line-break long
URLs before a slash. Don't
hyphenate.
See also
URLs and web
addresses
www.microsoft.com
msdn.microsoft.com/downloads
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Formatting titles
Article
•
02/26/2024
In general, use sentence-style casing (that is, only capitalize the first word of a title, like
at the beginning of a sentence), as this makes content more readable and ensures better
localizability.
Use bold font instead of italics for titles to enhance readability and accessibility.
There are some notable exceptions to sentence-casing. These include:
The titles of books (including e-books), white papers, and reports:
Unraveling HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript
Backup and Recovery Overview for Azure Customers
Games:
Some of the top games on Microsoft Store include
Sea of Thieves 2023 Edition
and
Stardew Valley
.
Events and webinars:
The
Microsoft Envision AI Tour
is for decision-makers and developers, with events
curated for each audience.
OneNote Best Practices for Educators and Students with Mike Tholfsen
See also
Capitalization
,
Headings
Yes
No
URLs and web addresses
Communications to customers often refer to websites and URLs. Follow these guidelines to
make your URL references clear and easy for customers to understand.
In content for a general audience, use
address
rather than
URL
. In content for a technical
audience, don't spell out
URL
on first mention. If you have a reason to spell out URL, use
uniform resource locator
.
Use
a,
not
an,
as an article preceding
URL
.
Don't include
https://
in a URL. Include the protocol only if it's something other than HTTP,
such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Examples
www.microsoft.com/business
ftp://example.com/downloads/myfile.txt
The trailing slash at the end of a URL is optional. In most cases, leave it off. Never use a trailing
slash in a URL that ends with a file name.
Most of the time, use lowercase for URLs, email addresses, and newsgroup addresses.
To refer to an entire website or top-level domain, such as Microsoft.com, omit
http://www
from
the URL and capitalize only the first letter of the URL, even if the site name is capitalized
differently.
Examples
www.microsoft.com
Microsoft.com
Codeplex.com is home to the open-source project site hosted by Microsoft.
URL vs. address
References to specific sites and domains
Grammar and formatting
Use
of
(not
for
) to describe the relationship of the word
URL
to a resource. Use the preposition
at
with the location of a specific address.
Examples
Search results include the URL of the page.
Learn more about Microsoft products and services at
www.microsoft.com
.
If the reader might think the period at the end of a sentence is part of the URL, rewrite the
sentence or set the URL off.
Examples
Go to
windows.microsoft.com/upgrade
to learn how to get your free Windows upgrade.
To get your free Windows upgrade, go to our website:
windows.microsoft.com/upgrade
Write brief but specific and meaningful link text. Use the title or a description of a page rather
than a generic phrase like
click here
.
Example
Go to the
Windows upgrade page
to learn how to get your free upgrade.
If a link has an image but no link text, the image must have alt text. The alt text should focus on
what the link does, not what the image shows. (If a link has both an image and link text, the
image can typically be treated as decorative.) Learn more in
Alternative text (alt text)
.
Examples
Alt text for a link that consists only of a photo of a woman talking on a phone: "Open an online
chat session with Microsoft Support."
Alt text for a link that consists only of a graphic of the Windows logo: "Go to the Windows
upgrade page."
Last updated on 04/10/2026
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Word choice
Article
•
09/23/2024
To improve readability and comprehension, choose your words wisely and use them
consistently. If you mean the same thing, use the same word.
This section provides tips for choosing the right words for the job:
Use contractions
Use simple words, concise sentences
Don’t use common words in new ways
Use technical terms carefully
Avoid jargon
Use US spelling and avoid non-English words
For information about specific words and phrases, refer to the A–Z word list and
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Use contractions
Article
•
06/24/2022
Write using the same, everyday words you use in conversation.
Use common contractions, such as
it’s, you’re, that's,
and
don’t,
to create a friendly,
informal tone.
Don't mix contractions and their spelled-out equivalents in UI text. For example,
don’t use
can’t
and
cannot
in the same UI.
Never form a contraction from a noun and a verb, such as
Microsoft’s developing a
lot of new cloud services.
Avoid ambiguous or awkward contractions, such as
there’d, it’ll,
and
they’d.
Yes
No
Use simple words, concise sentences
Article
•
06/24/2022
Make every word count. Concise, clear sentences save space, are easy to understand,
and facilitate scanning. Use simple words with precise meanings, and remove words that
don’t add substance. Use your judgment to avoid sounding abrupt or unfriendly.
Choose simple verbs without modifiers. Whenever you can, avoid weak or vague
verbs, such as
be, have, make,
and
do.
Examples
Use this
Not this
use
utilize, make use of
remove
extract, take away, eliminate
tell
inform, let know
Don’t use two or three words when one will do.
Examples
Use this
Not this
to
in order to, as a means to
also
in addition
connect
establish connectivity
Whenever possible, choose words that have one clear meaning.
Examples
Use this
Not this
Because
you created the table, you can
change it.
Since
you created the table, you can
change it.
ノ
Expand table
ノ
Expand table
ノ
Expand table
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Omit unnecessary adverbs—words that describe how, when, or where. Unless
they're important to the meaning of a statement, leave them out.
Examples
quite
very
quickly
easily
effectively
Use one term consistently to represent one concept.
Use words that can be both nouns and verbs carefully—
file, post, mark, screen,
record,
and
report,
for example. Use the sentence structure and context to
eliminate ambiguity.
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Don't use common words in new ways
Article
•
08/26/2024
Most people know the common definition of words—usually the one that appears first
in the dictionary. Refer to
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
if you have any doubts. Use
words in the most familiar sense, or define them if you can’t.
Don’t create a new word from an existing word.
Example
Don’t use
bucketize
to mean
group
.
Don't apply a new meaning to an ordinary word.
Example
Don’t use
graveyard
to mean
archive
.
Be careful with common words that have industry-specific uses. Assume customers
know the common definition of the word, not the industry-specific definition. If
you must use the industry-specific definition, define the word in context.
Writing tip
Sometimes industry-specific usage, such as
hacker
, becomes part of
everyday speech. Know your customer and the language they use. When in doubt,
use a simple word with a well-understood meaning.
Don’t use verbs as nouns or nouns as verbs.
Examples
Use this
Not this
affect performance
impact performance
download the paper
get the download
respond to the request
respond to the ask
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No
Use technical terms carefully
Article
•
08/26/2024
Technical terms come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Sometimes they're everyday
words that are given new meanings, like
cloud, batch,
or
dashboard
. Other times,
common words are combined to create technical terms, like
telemedicine
or
email.
Over
time, some technical terms become widely understood, but before that happens, they
can be confusing to people who aren't familiar with them. Use technical terms when
they're the clearest way to communicate your message, but use them with care.
Don't use a technical term when an everyday term will do. For example, don't use
rip
to
refer to copying files from a CD if you can use
copy
instead.
When you must use technical terms for precise communication, define them in context.
When you've decided to use a technical term, use that term consistently across products
and services, tools, websites, and marketing communications. Aim for one term, one
concept.
Many industries and professions have their own terminology: banking, healthcare,
construction, IT, and project management, for example.
If you're writing for an industry or profession, use the words your audience uses. First,
verify Microsoft and industry usage. Check the A–Z word list and
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
.
Then look to authoritative industry resources:
Terminology websites, such as
Webopedia.com
, and
Whatis.TechTarget.com
.
Use common words whenever possible
Don’t assume everyone will understand
technical terms
Use technical terms consistently
Use industry-specific terms for professional
audiences
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Industry standard sites, such as
W3C
and
IEEE
.
Industry research organizations, such as Forrester Research and Gartner.
Domain books, such as the
PMI Lexicon of Project Management Terms
or the
FDIC
List of Abbreviations and Glossary of Terms (Appendix B)
.
Don't create a new term if an existing one serves your purpose. If you must create a new
term, verify that it isn’t already being used to mean something else.
Technology changes at light speed, and customers expect us to use the latest technical
terms. But it's crucial to use them correctly and consistently across our products,
services, documents, packaging, and marketing. Before you adopt a new term in your
content, find out whether other groups are using it, and how.
First, check
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
Research the term on
edited
industry websites, such as
Forrester Research
,
Gartner
,
CNET
,
Recode
,
Mashable
,
TechCrunch
,
WIRED
,
Gizmodo
,
HuffPost Tech
, and
Engadget
. For emerging industry terminology, check
reputable business and trade websites, such as
Fast Company
,
Entrepreneur
,
Business Insider
,
Healthcare IT News
,
American Banker
, and
GameSpot
.
Don’t create a new term if one already exists
Research emerging terminology
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Avoid jargon
Article
•
06/24/2022
In the right context, for a particular audience, jargon serves as shorthand for well-
understood concepts. But for less technical audiences, jargon can impede
understanding.
Don’t use jargon if:
You can use a more familiar term, such as
symbol
instead of
glyph.
The term is familiar to only a small segment of your readers.
The term isn't specific to software, networking, cloud services, and so on.
Avoid business, marketing, and journalistic jargon, such as using
leverage
to mean
take
advantage of.
Differentiating jargon from technical terminology is tricky. First, check the A–Z word list.
If you don’t find the term, the following checklist can help.
If you think a term is jargon, it probably is.
If it’s an acronym or abbreviation, it may be jargon. Spell it out for clarity.
If a reviewer questions your use of a term, it may be jargon.
If the term is used in
The Wall Street Journal
or
The New York Times,
or in general-
interest magazines, such as
Time
or
Newsweek,
it might be appropriate for some
audiences.
If the term is used in technical periodicals such as
CNET
or
Recode,
it's probably OK
to use for technical audiences.
Testing for jargon
Yes
No
Feedback
Was this page helpful?
Use US spelling and avoid non-English
words
Article
•
06/24/2022
When the spelling of English words varies by locale, use the US spelling. For example,
use
license,
not
licence.
Avoid non-English words or phrases, such as
de facto
or
ad hoc
.
Avoid Latin abbreviations for common English phrases.
Exception
It’s OK to use
etc.,
in situations where space is limited. Otherwise, see
and so
on
for alternatives.
Use this
Instead of this
for example
e.g.
that is
i.e.
namely
viz.
therefore
ergo
ノ
Expand table
Yes
No